Institutional Instruments for Eco-Focused Water Transport Development

Abstract

Topicality. In recent years, there has been increasing pressure on the marine and riverine environment due to increasing volumes and globalization processes in international trade. This situation has the effect of increasing the negative impact on the dynamics of the natural aquatic environment quality by increasing oil spills, emissions of chemicals and other harmful substances, air pollution and the indirect impact of these processes on water resources, waste disposal, noise and radioactive load. The forecast assessment of the dynamics of the world economy shows a gradual increase in the volume of shipping due to the increase in the world's population and consumption. Enhanced use of water basins requires new innovative management initiatives with the development of tools to ensure the ecological sustainability of marine and river ecosystems, taking into account the threats and risks of their introduction to the environment. The peculiarity of protecting the marine and riverine environment from navigation is that ships do not always operate within the flag state, and the further the ship moves away from it, the less the state has the opportunity to rely on traditional sovereignty within its jurisdiction. Involvement of many stakeholders in the process of water transport, lack of full autonomy of the flag state to regulate the activities of the ship outside its jurisdiction requires the development of methodological approaches and practical measures to develop ways and methods of institutional and organizational impact on ships based on international requirements. and standards. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to analyse the existing and potential institutional resources for the prevention of technogenic threats from shipping and the development of water transport on the basis of eco-focused. Research results. It has been confirmed that at the present stage of economic development transport plays a leading role, as it is an important part of industry, consumption, agriculture. Water transport is responsible for the majority of international traffic, which results in negative consequences of its work. It is known that any type of transport, including maritime, is one of the biggest polluters of the environment, but the vital needs of mankind should not be met by future generations. Solving environmental issues is a relatively new direction in the science of management, however, in recent decades many countries have joined this practice, focusing on scientific support of programs and plans against global change, which affect not only marine and river biocenoses, but also have consequences in the form of a shift in the ecosystem framework of the entire planet. The activity of water transport is slowly growing in its scale and consequences, which requires more attention from government agencies, which should join international initiatives to obtain a positive result from environmental activities and increase the authority of the state. In addition, the aquatic environment is usually the area of interest of different countries and different stakeholders, being a transboundary area, which should take into account not only the interests and needs of different countries, but also form a single legal basis for economic, environmental and recreational activities within marine and river borders. Conclusion. The paper examines and analyses the existing organizational and legislative precautionary tools to reduce technogenic pollution of the marine and river environment, investigates measures for the treatment of ballast water and developed an algorithm for their management; an analysis of possible precautionary measures against the impact of air pollution, garbage, oil and petroleum products on the quality of the aquatic environment and proposed a number of precautionary measures; conceptual provisions for the formation of a national action plan for ballast water management have been developed. Conceptual provisions for the formation of state organizational and institutional support for the treatment of ballast water by methods of preventive protection on the basis of updated management tools, economic feasibility and environmental orientation; developed scientific and applied substantiation of regulatory and coordination approaches based on economic feasibility, focused on the balanced development of aquatic ecosystems and environmental safety of navigation.