Abstract:Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the main cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The use of insulin represents a challenge in patients with DKD due to the patient and medication issues. Insulin regimens, insulin dosing, and titration need to be individualized based on the patient's age, renal function, and comorbidities to improve glycemic control and reduce the risk of hypoglycemia. Insulin is the primary treatment in all patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and DKD. For patients with type 2 diabet… Show more
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