Intake of slow-digesting carbohydrates is related to changes in the microbiome and its functional pathways in growing rats with obesity induced by diet
Abstract:IntroductionThe main cause of insulin resistance in childhood is obesity, which contributes to future comorbidities as in adults. Although high-calorie diets and lack of exercise contribute to metabolic disease development, food quality rather than the quantity of macronutrients is more important than food density. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of changing the quality of carbohydrates from rapidly to slowly digestible carbohydrates on the composition of the gut microbiota and the … Show more
“…It is pertinent to mention that the names of the phyla were updated recently. The updated taxonomic designations for Actinobacteria , Bacteroidetes , Cyanobacteria , Firmicutes , Fusobacteria , Proteobacteria , Patescibacteria , Synergistetes , and Verrucomicrobia are referred to as Actinobacteriota , Bacteroidota , Cyanobacteriota , Bacillota , Fusobacteriota , Pseudomonadota , Candidatus Patescibacteria , Synergistetes , and Verrucomicrobiota , respectively [ 27 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The process of glycolysis involves the conversion of a six-carbon glucose molecule into two three-carbon keto acids (pyruvate) [ 55 ]. D-glucarate is an effective antitumoral agent able to bind to environmental carcinogens such as benzo[a]pyrene [ 27 , 56 , 57 ]. The natural substance galactarate is a dicarboxylic acid analog of D-galactose.…”
The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding on demand until at least the sixth month of life. Breast milk or infant formula is the infant’s primary food source until the age of one year, followed by the gradual introduction of other foods. During weaning, the intestinal microbiota evolves to a profile close to that of the adult, and its disruption can result in an increased incidence of acute infectious diseases. We aimed to determine whether a novel starting formula (INN) provides gut microbiota compositions more similar to those of breastfed (BF) infants from 6 to 12 months of age compared to a standard formula (STD). This study included 210 infants (70 per group) who completed the intervention until they reached the age of 12 months. In the intervention period, infants were divided into three groups. Group 1 received an INN formula with a lower protein content, a casein to whey protein ratio of approximately 70/30, twice as much docosahexaenoic acid as the STD formula, a thermally inactivated postbiotic (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, BPL1TM HT), and twice as much arachidonic acid as the STD formula contained. The second group received the STD formula, while the third group was exclusively BF for exploratory purposes. In the course of the study, visits were conducted at 6 months and 12 months of age. Compared to the BF and STD groups, the Bacillota phylum levels in the INN group were significantly reduced after 6 months. At the end of 6 months, the alpha diversity indices of the BF and INN groups differed significantly from those of the STD group. At 12 months, the Verrucomicrobiota phylum levels in the STD group were significantly lower than those in the BF and INN groups. Based on the comparison between 6 and 12 months, the Bacteroidota phylum levels in the BF group were significantly higher than those in the INN and STD groups. When comparing the INN group with the BF and STD groups, Clostridium sensu stricto 1 was significantly higher in the INN group. The STD group had higher levels of calprotectin than the INN and BF groups at 6 months. The immunoglobulin A levels in the STD group were significantly lower than those in the INN and BF groups after 6 months. Both formulas had significantly higher levels of propionic acid than the BF group at 6 months. At 6 months, the STD group showed a higher quantification of all metabolic pathways than the BF group. The INN formula group exhibited similar behavior to the BF group, except for the superpathway of phospholipid biosynthesis (E. coli). We hypothesize that the novel INN formula may promote an intestinal microbiota that is more similar to the microbiota of an infant who consumes only human milk before the weaning period.
“…It is pertinent to mention that the names of the phyla were updated recently. The updated taxonomic designations for Actinobacteria , Bacteroidetes , Cyanobacteria , Firmicutes , Fusobacteria , Proteobacteria , Patescibacteria , Synergistetes , and Verrucomicrobia are referred to as Actinobacteriota , Bacteroidota , Cyanobacteriota , Bacillota , Fusobacteriota , Pseudomonadota , Candidatus Patescibacteria , Synergistetes , and Verrucomicrobiota , respectively [ 27 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The process of glycolysis involves the conversion of a six-carbon glucose molecule into two three-carbon keto acids (pyruvate) [ 55 ]. D-glucarate is an effective antitumoral agent able to bind to environmental carcinogens such as benzo[a]pyrene [ 27 , 56 , 57 ]. The natural substance galactarate is a dicarboxylic acid analog of D-galactose.…”
The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding on demand until at least the sixth month of life. Breast milk or infant formula is the infant’s primary food source until the age of one year, followed by the gradual introduction of other foods. During weaning, the intestinal microbiota evolves to a profile close to that of the adult, and its disruption can result in an increased incidence of acute infectious diseases. We aimed to determine whether a novel starting formula (INN) provides gut microbiota compositions more similar to those of breastfed (BF) infants from 6 to 12 months of age compared to a standard formula (STD). This study included 210 infants (70 per group) who completed the intervention until they reached the age of 12 months. In the intervention period, infants were divided into three groups. Group 1 received an INN formula with a lower protein content, a casein to whey protein ratio of approximately 70/30, twice as much docosahexaenoic acid as the STD formula, a thermally inactivated postbiotic (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, BPL1TM HT), and twice as much arachidonic acid as the STD formula contained. The second group received the STD formula, while the third group was exclusively BF for exploratory purposes. In the course of the study, visits were conducted at 6 months and 12 months of age. Compared to the BF and STD groups, the Bacillota phylum levels in the INN group were significantly reduced after 6 months. At the end of 6 months, the alpha diversity indices of the BF and INN groups differed significantly from those of the STD group. At 12 months, the Verrucomicrobiota phylum levels in the STD group were significantly lower than those in the BF and INN groups. Based on the comparison between 6 and 12 months, the Bacteroidota phylum levels in the BF group were significantly higher than those in the INN and STD groups. When comparing the INN group with the BF and STD groups, Clostridium sensu stricto 1 was significantly higher in the INN group. The STD group had higher levels of calprotectin than the INN and BF groups at 6 months. The immunoglobulin A levels in the STD group were significantly lower than those in the INN and BF groups after 6 months. Both formulas had significantly higher levels of propionic acid than the BF group at 6 months. At 6 months, the STD group showed a higher quantification of all metabolic pathways than the BF group. The INN formula group exhibited similar behavior to the BF group, except for the superpathway of phospholipid biosynthesis (E. coli). We hypothesize that the novel INN formula may promote an intestinal microbiota that is more similar to the microbiota of an infant who consumes only human milk before the weaning period.
“… 65 , 66 , 67 Moreover, changes in g_Lachnospiraceae _NK4A136_group were positively correlated with changes in adherence to the Mediterranean diet in dietary balance studies. 68 , 69 Fig. 7 A directed acyclic graph (DAG) of the significant causal relationship between gut microbiota and appetite/appetite hormones.…”
“…In the gut microbiome, overprovision of these substances leads to a lack of microbial diversity (Plaza-Diaz et al, 2021) and reduces the ability to digest complex metabolites. It also leaves the gut susceptible to damage, infection, and inflammation (Plaza-Díaz et al, 2022).…”
2021). However, recent research has shown that environmental factors can increase the likelihood of autism's development and exacerbate its symptoms (Chaste & Leboyer, 2012;Ratajczak, 2011).One environmental factor that affects all children's development is diet (Whiteley et al., 2013). Autistic children have been shown to be especially susceptible to imbalances and abnormalities in gastrointestinal function (Adams et al., 2018;Peretti et al., 2019). Imbalances in gut function heavily influence the central nervous system through the brain-gut axis, and dysfunction of this broad neural circuitry can significantly impact the development of the higherorder cognitive functions that autistic children struggle with (Carabotti et al., 2015;Jones et al., 2022). Thus, many recent studies have attempted to elucidate the correlation between autistic children's behaviors and their diet (Adams
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