This review reports recent advances in the application of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) in biomedical fields. BNC has attracted both academic and industrial attention as it shows interesting properties for both biomedical and cosmetic applications. Herein, the structure, properties and selected applications of BNC in the preparation of wound dressings and artificial skin are discussed in general, and detailed examples are also drawn from the scientific literature. In this review the most common applications are presented in detail together with issues related to regenerative medicine and biomedicine, skin tissue engineering, auricular cartilage reconstruction, bone regeneration and the treatment of traumatic tympanic membrane perforation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry