Integrated Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and Microgrids: Modeling and Optimization of DERs

Abstract

In the near future, the notion of integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) to build a microgrid will be extremely important. The DERs comprise several technologies, such as diesel engines, micro turbines, fuel cells, photovoltaic, small wind turbines, etc. The coordinated operation and control of DER together with controllable loads and storage devices, such as flywheels, energy capacitors and batteries, are central to the concept of microgrid. Microgrids can operate interconnected to the main distribution grid, or in an islanded mode. This paper reviews the studies on microgrid technologies. The modeling and optimization methodologies of DERs are also presented and discussed in this paper along with system control approaches for DERs and microgrids. The review findings indicate that the use of multimodal indicators that take into consideration the financial, technological, ecological, and social elements of microgrids increased the community’s and stakeholders’ reaction capability. The microgrid structure under consideration comprises several types of combined heat power devices, boilers, and various types of DERs, including FC units, distributed generators, and MTs. Moreover, compared to grid-connected mode, the microgrid’s total operation cost is significantly higher in isolated mode.

Recent Trends and Issues of Energy Management Systems Using Machine Learning

“…The utilization of RES has been identified as an effective strategy to reduce the cost of power generation and transmission over wide areas. There has been a shift from centralized to decentralized systems, with microgrids emerging as critical components in the efficient management of distributed energy resources [84]. By integrating microgrids into the power system, market participants have been able to participate in energy trading markets with the dual objectives of generating revenue and mitigating energy shortages.…”

Methodology for Energy Management in a Smart Microgrid Based on the Efficiency of Dispatchable Renewable Generation Sources and Distributed Storage Systems

“…The development and maturation of renewable energies are triggering a profound change in the current energy system, displacing and replacing traditional electric power systems based on fossil fuels [1][2][3]. The implementation of renewable energies is becoming the backbone for meeting the objectives set for the energy transition [4][5][6] as clean, sustainable, and accessible energy sources.…”

“…In this context of change, microgrids are postulated as a major element in the design and adjustment of the electricity system [7][8][9][10]. Where they are implemented, microgrids represent a solution that guarantees continuous and secure access to electricity based on the use of distributed renewable generation sources and distributed storage system [3]. Moreover, the recent development of communication, information, and artificial intelligence technologies and their integration into microgrids means a new evolution of the concept: smart microgrids [11][12][13].…”

Minimizing Voltage Ripple of a DC Microgrid via a Particle-Swarm-Optimization-Based Fuzzy Controller

“…The study by [10] focuses on the design and analysis of controlling and optimizing the operation of a DC microgrid with DERs such as photovoltaic (PV). It examines efficiency improvements through a bi-directional DC/DC converter, contrasts various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques, and reports the results of stability analysis using the Lyapunov function, discussing a variety of controllers including fuzzy, MPC, and Robust [11]. Recent studies have increasingly focused on fuzzy logic, PSO, and their combination [12][13][14].…”