Integrated next-generation sequencing and comparative transcriptomic analysis of leaves provides novel insights into the ethylene pathway of Chrysanthemum morifolium in response to a Chinese isolate of chrysanthemum virus B

Abstract

Background Chrysanthemum virus B (CVB), a key member of the genus Carlavirus, family Betaflexiviridae, causes severe viral diseases in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) plants worldwide. However, information on the mechanisms underlying the response of chrysanthemum plants to CVB is scant. Methods Here, an integrated next-generation sequencing and comparative transcriptomic analysis of chrysanthemum leaves was conducted to explore the molecular response mechanisms of plants to a Chinese isolate of CVB (CVB-CN) at the molecular level. Results In total, 4934 significant differentially expressed genes (SDEGs) were identified to respond to CVB-CN, of which 4097 were upregulated and 837 were downregulated. Gene ontology and functional classification showed that the majority of upregulated SDEGs were categorized into gene cohorts involved in plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, and ribosome metabolism. Enrichment analysis demonstrated that ethylene pathway-related genes were significantly upregulated following CVB-CN infection, indicating a strong promotion of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling. Furthermore, disruption of the ethylene pathway in Nicotiana benthamiana, a model plant, using virus-induced gene silencing technology rendered them more susceptible to cysteine-rich protein of CVB-CN induced hypersensitive response, suggesting a crucial role of this pathway in response to CVB-CN infection. Conclusion This study provides evidence that ethylene pathway has an essential role of plant in response to CVB and offers valuable insights into the defense mechanisms of chrysanthemum against Carlavirus.

Identification and complete genomic sequence of a novel sadwavirus discovered in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat)

“…Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) belongs to the family Asteraceae and is the most economically important herbaceous perennial plant worldwide [1][2]. Virus disease-like symptoms in chrysanthemum plants in China were common and have seriously affected the high-quality development of the chrysanthemum industry [3][4]. 'Hangbaiju' is a cultivar of Chrysanthemum morifolium, primarily cultivated in Tongxiang city, Zhejiang Province, and has been widely used as a functional beverage in China due to its unique sensory attributes and multiple health bene cial features [5].…”

Current Achievements and Future Prospects in Virus Elimination Technology for Functional Chrysanthemum

“…Nine types of chrysanthemum viruses [19,28,44], namely, chrysanthemum virus B (CVB) [44,45], cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) [25], tomato mosaic virus (TMV) [25], tomato aspermy virus (TAV) [46], potato virus X (PVX) [46], potato virus Y (PVY) [47], tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) [48], chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) [49][50][51] and chrysanthemum chloritic mottle viroid (CChMVd) [52,53], have been reported in major functional chrysanthemum-producing areas. Most chrysanthemum viral diseases are quarantine hazards and can spread to a large area.…”

“…This kind of chrysanthemum is rich in flavonoids, volatile oils, a variety of amino acids, chlorogenic acid, various trace elements and other chemical components [8][9][10][11]. It has a wide range of biological activities and can resist human immunodeficiency virus as well as possessing anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antimutation, and antitumour properties, providing cardiovascular protection, and so on [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. It also has antibacterial, analgesic, and anti-fatigue effects, lowering blood sugar and regulating blood lipids [20][21][22][23].…”

Identification and Molecular Characterization of a Novel Carlavirus Infecting Chrysanthemum morifolium in China

“…Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Asteraceae, and has important ornamental, economic, and medicinal value [1][2][3]. Chrysanthemum flowers have been made into traditional herbal remedies in China due to their potential effects on treating respiratory and cardiovascular diseases [4][5][6]. Commercially, the chrysanthemum is propagated mainly through the stem or root cuttings [7,8].…”

“…Viruses 2023, 15, 1029 2 of 15 30% of the losses of infected chrysanthemum plants [10,17]. So far, more than 20 viruses and viroids have been identified to infect chrysanthemum [6,13,16], the most prevalent of which are typically considered to be chrysanthemum virus B (CVB) [16,18], chrysanthemum virus R (CVR) [19], cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) [10], tomato aspermy virus (TAV) [20], tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) [10], tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) [21], potato virus Y (PVY) [22], chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) [18], and chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid (CChMVd) [23]. It is important to note that the main prevalent CVB and CVR both belong to the Carlavirus genus in the Betaflexiviridae family [13,18,19].…”