“…When thinking about the community, vertical integration is an efficient structure, although from a perspective that evaluates the environment, the investments do not translate into sufficient reduction efforts to compensate for the polluting effect of the large volume of production, leading to a degraded environment that cancels the social welfare benefit (Sim, El Ouardighi, & Kim, 2019). In the metal coating supply chain, vertical integration concentrates processes in large companies, from the production of paints to the application of coating materials, which requires an optimization of procedural processes and recycling cascades (Geldermann, Schollenberger, & Rentz, 2004).…”