Integrated waveguides and deterministically positioned nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond created by femtosecond laser writing

Hadden, J. P.; Bharadwaj, Vibhav; Sotillo, Belén; Rampini, Stefano; Osellame, Roberto; Witmer, Jeremy D.; Jayakumar, Harishankar; Fernandez, Toney Teddy; Chiappini, Andrea; Armellini, Cecilia; Ferrari, Maurizio; Ramponi, Roberta; Barclay, Paul E.; Eaton, Shane M.

doi:10.1364/ol.43.003586

Cited by 76 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Subsequently it was shown that NV center fluorescence could be collected through the waveguide by selectively exciting one of the single NV centers through the confocal microscope. Photoluminescence excitation studies of the NV centers at 6K demonstrated that although they did not have lifetime limited linewidths, they were comparable to the linewidths reported by the Salter group at the upper end of their laser writing energy range . Previous measurements of as grown NV ensembles in waveguides showed that the NV centers retain their spin coherence .…”

Section: Deterministic Placement Of Color Centerssupporting

confidence: 78%

“…In order to achieve this, the Eaton group wrote waveguides in quantum grade diamond at 25 µm depth with a line of 5 single static exposures separated by 20 µm at the center of each waveguide. Following annealing at 1000 ° C, fluorescence confocal microscopy measurements confirmed that single NV centers had been created at several of the expected static exposure sites, and importantly the waveguides survived the annealing process . Concentrating on NVs written with 28 nJ, it was shown that it is possible to excite the single NV centers by coupling a laser beam into the waveguide through a single mode fiber.…”

Section: Deterministic Placement Of Color Centersmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Quantum Micro–Nano Devices Fabricated in Diamond by Femtosecond Laser and Ion Irradiation

et al. 2019

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Diamond has attracted great interest as a quantum technology platform thanks to its optically active nitrogen vacancy (NV) center. The NV's ground state spin can be read out optically, exhibiting long spin coherence times of ≈1 ms even at ambient temperatures. In addition, the energy levels of the NV are sensitive to external fields. These properties make NVs attractive as a scalable platform for efficient nanoscale resolution sensing based on electron spins and for quantum information systems. Diamond photonics enhance optical interactions with NVs, beneficial for both quantum sensing and information. Diamond is also compelling for microfluidic applications due to its outstanding biocompatibility, with sensing functionality provided by NVs. However, it remains a significant challenge to fabricate photonics, NVs, and microfluidics in diamond. In this Progress Report, an overview is provided of ion irradiation and femtosecond laser writing, two promising fabrication methods for diamond‐based quantum technological devices. The unique capabilities of both techniques are described, and the most important fabrication results of color center, optical waveguide, and microfluidics in diamond are reported, with an emphasis on integrated devices aiming toward high performance quantum sensors and quantum information systems of tomorrow.

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Section: Deterministic Placement Of Color Centerssupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Deterministic Placement Of Color Centersmentioning

confidence: 92%

Quantum Micro–Nano Devices Fabricated in Diamond by Femtosecond Laser and Ion Irradiation

et al. 2019

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“…Using the characterization setup described in Hadden et al [111], initial photoluminescence imaging performed on the waveguides showed single NV emission from 2 out of the 5 spots, represented as NV2 and NV4 in figure 15(a). NV2 was chosen for further characterization.…”

Section: Femtosecond Laser Inscribed Integrated Quantum Photonic Chipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femtosecond laser written photonic and microfluidic circuits in diamond

et al. 2019

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Diamond has attracted great interest in the quantum optics community thanks to its nitrogen vacancy (NV) center, a naturally occurring impurity that is responsible for the pink coloration of some diamond crystals. The NV spin state with the brighter luminescence yield can be exploited for spin readout, exhibiting millisecond spin coherence times at ambient temperature. In addition, the energy levels of the ground state triplet of the NV are sensitive to external fields. These properties make NVs attractive as a scalable platform for efficient nanoscale resolution sensing based on electron spins and for quantum information systems. Integrated diamond photonics would be beneficial for optical magnetometry, due to the enhanced light-matter interaction and associated collection efficiency provided by waveguides, and for quantum information, by means of the optical linking of NV centers for long-range entanglement. Diamond is also compelling for microfluidic applications due to its outstanding biocompatibility, with sensing functionality provided by NV centers. Furthermore, laser written micrographitic modifications could lead to efficient and compact detectors of high energy radiation in diamond. However, it remains a challenge to fabricate optical waveguides, graphitic lines, NVs and microfluidics in diamond. In this Review, we describe a disruptive laser nanofabrication method based on femtosecond laser writing to realize a 3D micro-nano device toolkit for diamond. Femtosecond laser writing is advantageous compared to other state of the art fabrication technologies due to its versatility in forming diverse micro and nanocomponents in diamond. We describe how high quality buried optical waveguides, low roughness microfluidic channels, and on-demand NVs with excellent spectral properties can be laser formed in single-crystal diamond. We show the first integrated quantum photonic circuit in diamond consisting of an optically addressed NV for quantum information studies. The rapid progress of the field is encouraging but there are several challenges which must be met to realize future quantum technologies in diamond. We elucidate how these hurdles can be overcome using femtosecond laser fabrication, to realize both quantum computing and nanoscale magnetic field sensing devices in synthetic diamond.

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“…Another route was recently reported using deterministic positioning of a laser‐written NV center inside a buried waveguide generated by laser writing in bulk diamond . However, the large mismatch between waveguide mode (≃5.8 μm) and the focused laser excitation spot (≃0.6 μm) on the NV center limited the measured count rate to ≃10 counts per second.…”

Section: Coupling Color Centers To Photonic Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diamond as a Platform for Integrated Quantum Photonics

Lenzini¹,

Gruhler²,

Walter³

et al. 2018

Adv Quantum Tech

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Integrated quantum photonics enables the generation, manipulation, and detection of quantum states of light in miniaturized waveguide circuits. Implementation of these three operations in a single integrated platform is a crucial step toward a fully scalable approach to quantum photonic technologies. In this context, diamond has emerged as a particularly promising material as it naturally combines a large transparency range for the fabrication of low‐loss photonic circuits, and a variety of optically active defects for the realization of efficient single‐photon emitters. Furthermore, its high Young's modulus makes it ideal for the implementation of tunable optomechanical devices for active quantum state manipulation. This review reports recent progress on the realization of the main components required for a diamond‐based integrated quantum photonic architecture: single‐photon emitters, static and actively tunable waveguide circuits, and, as a last building block, integrated superconducting single‐photon detectors.

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Integrated waveguides and deterministically positioned nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond created by femtosecond laser writing

Cited by 76 publications

References 32 publications

Quantum Micro–Nano Devices Fabricated in Diamond by Femtosecond Laser and Ion Irradiation

Quantum Micro–Nano Devices Fabricated in Diamond by Femtosecond Laser and Ion Irradiation

Femtosecond laser written photonic and microfluidic circuits in diamond

Diamond as a Platform for Integrated Quantum Photonics

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