Integrating Batteries in the Future Swiss Electricity Supply System: A Consequential Environmental Assessment

Vandepaer, Laurent; Cloutier, Julie; Bauer, Christian; Amor, Ben

doi:10.1111/jiec.12774

Cited by 39 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Among the studies, 15 were marked for closed-loop approximation, including both Sanfélix et al [19] and Sanfélix et al [52], who argue for substitution in their attributional study setup. In contrast, only one consequential LCA study by Vandepaer et al [53] was found, where the avoided burden is looked upon as substitution in an open loop scheme. Table 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological Approaches to End-Of-Life Modelling in Life Cycle Assessments of Lithium-Ion Batteries

et al. 2019

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This study presents a review of how the end-of-life (EOL) stage is modelled in life cycle assessment (LCA) studies of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Twenty-five peer-reviewed journal and conference papers that consider the whole LIB life cycle and describe their EOL modelling approach sufficiently were analyzed. The studies were categorized based on two archetypal EOL modelling approaches in LCA: The cutoff (no material recovery, possibly secondary material input) and EOL recycling (material recovery, only primary material input) approaches. It was found that 19 of the studies followed the EOL recycling approach and 6 the cutoff approach. In addition, almost a third of the studies deviated from the expected setup of the two methods by including both material recovery and secondary material input. Such hybrid approaches may lead to double counting of recycling benefits by both including secondary input (as in the cutoff approach) and substituting primary materials (as in the EOL recycling approach). If the archetypal EOL modelling approaches are not followed, it is imperative that the modelling choices are well-documented and motivated to avoid double counting that leads to over- or underestimations of the environmental impacts of LIBs. Also, 21 studies model hydrometallurgical treatment, and 17 completely omit waste collection.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological Approaches to End-Of-Life Modelling in Life Cycle Assessments of Lithium-Ion Batteries

et al. 2019

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“…Nevertheless, this applies in general to multi-criteria decision making (e.g., cf. [14,22,26]). On the other hand, the transparent approach helps in understanding the relations and conflicts between different goals and assists in solving the complexity of future energy systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the base of the Swiss TIMES model, they calculate the environmental impact of different battery types under the consideration of system changes introduced by the batteries. The comprehensive set of impact categories under consideration is not taken account for in the objective function, but is subject to current research activities [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LAEND: A Model for Multi-Objective Investment Optimisation of Residential Quarters Considering Costs and Environmental Impacts

et al. 2020

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Renewable energy systems are especially challenging both in terms of planning and operation. Energy system models that take into account not only the costs but also a wide range of environmental impacts support holistic planning. In this way, burden-shifting caused by greenhouse gas mitigation can be identified and minimised at an early stage. The Life cycle Assessment based ENergy Decision support tool LAEND combines a multi-criteria optimising tool for energy system modelling and an integrated environmental assessment for the analysis of decentral systems. By a single or multi-objective optimisation, considering costs, environmental impact indicators as well as weighted impact indicator sets, the model enables the determination of optimal investment planning and dispatch of the analysed energy system. The application of LAEND to an exemplary residential quarter shows the benefit of the model regarding the identification of conflicting goals and of a system that compensates for the different objectives. The observed shift of environmental impacts from the use phase to the production phase of the renewable electricity generators points further to the importance of the integration of the entire life cycle.Energies 2020, 13, 614 2 of 22 detailed consideration. On the community level, less technical, administrative and economic resources for sustainable energy projects are available which hinders a successful transition. Decision support at the community level, therefore gains importance [8].With regard to climate impacts, renewable energies are often considered carbon-free in general and to emit less or no emissions to the air in the use phase (besides the burning of biomass) [9]. But the utilisation of renewable energies like e.g., wind and photovoltaics, lead to new conflicts of goals only partly implicated by storage needs: use of resources, especially the exploitation of rare earth materials, toxicities, land use and the loss of biodiversity might increase [10][11][12][13]. Additionally, the environmental impacts shift from the use phase (key emission phase of fossil energies) to the manufacturing phase of the energy converters (key emission phase of renewable energies and storages) [14].Thus, decision support considering the environmental impact of decentral energy systems gains importance and needs to cope with additional requirements in terms of:

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“…Undeniably, many publications, some of questionable quality, depicted LIBs as a global environmental issue and being an important source of pollution, with a resulting negative environmental impact. While it is true that environmental footprint of LIB manufacturing is significant, many scientific studies demonstrated the benefit of LIBs [38,[229][230][231]. Moreover, recycling of spent LIBs is an inherent and imperative solution to reduce this environmental footprint.…”

Section: Challenges and Trends For Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

et al. 2020

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An exponential market growth of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has been observed in the past 20 years; approximately 670,000 tons of LIBs have been sold in 2017 alone. This trend will continue owing to the growing interest of consumers for electric vehicles, recent engagement of car manufacturers to produce them, recent developments in energy storage facilities, and commitment of governments for the electrification of transportation. Although some limited recycling processes were developed earlier after the commercialization of LIBs, these are inadequate in the context of sustainable development. Therefore, significant efforts have been made to replace the commonly employed pyrometallurgical recycling method with a less detrimental approach, such as hydrometallurgical, in particular sulfate-based leaching, or direct recycling. Sulfate-based leaching is the only large-scale hydrometallurgical method currently used for recycling LIBs and serves as baseline for several pilot or demonstration projects currently under development. Conversely, most project and processes focus only on the recovery of Ni, Co, Mn, and less Li, and are wasting the iron phosphate originating from lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. Although this battery type does not dominate the LIB market, its presence in the waste stream of LIBs causes some technical concerns that affect the profitability of current recycling processes. This review explores the current processes and alternative solutions to pyrometallurgy, including novel selective leaching processes or direct recycling approaches.

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Integrating Batteries in the Future Swiss Electricity Supply System: A Consequential Environmental Assessment

Cited by 39 publications

References 80 publications

Methodological Approaches to End-Of-Life Modelling in Life Cycle Assessments of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Methodological Approaches to End-Of-Life Modelling in Life Cycle Assessments of Lithium-Ion Batteries

LAEND: A Model for Multi-Objective Investment Optimisation of Residential Quarters Considering Costs and Environmental Impacts

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

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