“…A significant number of studies during the COVID-19 pandemic have been dedicated to investigating the direct impact of the pandemic on supply chain formation (Ajmal et al, 2023;Sombultawee et al, 2022), as well as enhancing their resilience amidst the influence of adverse factors (Shen and Sun, 2023;Moosavi et al, 2022;Karmaker et al, 2021). It is worth noting the growing academic interest in supply chain formation issues in emerging markets, as the disruption of previously established supply chains undoubtedly exerts a shock effect on the economy, but can also present promising opportunities for developing markets, providing an additional chance to form competitive advantages through the establishment of sustainable supply chains, including at the global level (Aray et al, 2023;Dadzie et al, 2023;Dwivedi et al, 2023).…”