Integrating economic considerations with operational and embodied emissions into a decision support system for the optimal ranking of building retrofit options

Ibn‐Mohammed, Taofeeq; Greenough, Richard; Taylor, Simon; Ozawa-Meida, Leticia; Acquaye, Adolf

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.10.018

Cited by 66 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…[58][59][60][61][62] Accordingly, all the inputs in cumulative energy demand were summed up to derive the consumption of a material based on natural resources including fossil, solar, nuclear, geothermal, wind, primary forest, water and biomass. 57 The current work adopts an integrated hybrid LCA approach which overcomes boundary limitations of a process approach, by combining the process LCA inventories and Environmental Input-Output (EIO) data, 29,31,35 to evaluate the environmental profile of a laboratory-based PZT versus KNN piezoelectric materials. In the subsections that follows, details of how process LCA and EIO are combined to form hybrid LCA is presented.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a methodical tool that can provide such information. 28,29 It is a well-established systematic approach used for the identification, quantification and assessment of the associated environmental impacts throughout the entire value chain of an activity, product or process. …”

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confidence: 99%

“…The current work adopts an integrated hybrid LCA approach which overcomes boundary limitations of a process approach, by combining the process LCA inventories and Environmental Input-Output (EIO) data, 29,31,35 to evaluate the environmental profile of a laboratory-based PZT versus KNN piezoelectric materials. In the subsections that follows, details of how process LCA and EIO are combined to form hybrid LCA is presented.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The method offers comprehensiveness and completeness because it captures nearly the entire system boundary, 30,36 by taking into account the entire activities along the chain of supply of a product including those accrued by indirect suppliers, allowing the tracking of the complete range of inputs to a process, thus avoids systems boundary issues that characterises the process-based approach. 29,37 However, the method suffer from a number of well-recognised limitations, including proportionality and homogeneity assumption, conversion of economic quantities into physical quantities and less specific due to aggregation of a range of activities in one sector. [36][37][38][39][40] Integration of the two methods via a hybrid method augments the specificity of process LCA with the inclusivity of EIO 31,35,[41][42][43] ; hence hybrid LCA models can be implemented in practice to broaden the system boundary whilst complying with ISO standards.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Integrated hybrid life cycle assessment and supply chain environmental profile evaluations of lead-based (lead zirconate titanate) versus lead-free (potassium sodium niobate) piezoelectric ceramics

Ibn‐Mohammed

Koh

Reaney

et al. 2016

Energy Environ. Sci.

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130

152

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The increasing awareness of the environmental and health threats of lead as well as environmental legislation, both in the EU and around the world targeted at decreasing the use of hazardous substances in electrical appliances and products has reinvigorated the race to develop lead-free alternatives to lead zirconate titanate (PZT), which presently dominates the market for piezoelectric materials. Emphasis has been placed on one of the most likely piezoelectric materials, potassium sodium niobate (KNN), as a lead-free replacement for PZT. KNN has been speculated to have better environmental credentials and is considered as a "greener" replacement to PZT. However, a comparative environmental impact assessment of the life cycle phases of KNN versus PZT piezoelectric materials has not been carried out. Such a life cycle assessment is crucial before any valid claims of "greenness" or environmental viability of one material over the other can be made and is the focus of this paper. Against this backdrop, a methodologically robust life cycle supply chain assessment based on integrated hybrid life cycle framework is undertaken within the context of the two piezoelectric materials. Results show that the presence of niobium in KNN constitutes far greater impact across all the 16 categories considered in comparison with PZT. The increased environmental impact of KNN occurs in the early stages of the LCA due to raw material extraction and processing. As a result, the environmental damage has already occurred before its use in piezoelectric applications during which it doesn't constitute any threat. As such, the use of the term "environmentally friendly" for the description of KNN should be avoided. Cost-benefit analysis of substituting PZT with KNN also indicates that the initial cost of conversion to KNN is greater, especially for energy usage during production. This environmental assessment has allowed us to define and address environmental health and safety as well as sustainability issues that are essential for future development of these materials. Overall, this work demonstrates insightful findings that can be garnered through the application of life cycle assessment and supply chain management to a strategic engineering question which allows industries and policy makers to make informed decisions regarding the environmental consequences of substitute materials, designs, fabrication processes and usage. IntroductionIn recent times, there has been a drive to develop new piezoelectric materials for a wide range of applications with properties comparable with lead zirconate titanate (Pb (Zr, Ti) O 3 , PZT). One main driver has been the growing awareness of the environmental impact and health concerns due to the toxicity of lead [1][2][3][4][5][6] which has led to existing environmental legislations and restrictions both in the EU and across the globe under the auspices of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directives which concern the reduction of the...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Integrated hybrid life cycle assessment and supply chain environmental profile evaluations of lead-based (lead zirconate titanate) versus lead-free (potassium sodium niobate) piezoelectric ceramics

Ibn‐Mohammed

Koh

Reaney

et al. 2016

Energy Environ. Sci.

Self Cite

130

152

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“…In addition to electricity usage, buildings are also responsible for almost 40 % of the world's greenhouse gas emissions [1]. Space Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning (HVAC)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wind tunnel and CFD study of the natural ventilation performance of a commercial multi-directional wind tower

Calautit

Hughes

2014

Building and Environment

107

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configuration. In order to examine the performance quantitatively, the indoor airflow rate, supply and extract rates, external airflow and pressure coefficients were also measured. The CFD simulations were generally in good agreement (0 -20 %) with the wind tunnel measurements. Moreover, the smoke visualisation test showed the capability of CFD in replicating the air flow distribution inside the wind tower and also the test room.

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Introduction

Seyedzadeh¹,

Rahimian²

2021

Green Energy and Technology

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Integrating economic considerations with operational and embodied emissions into a decision support system for the optimal ranking of building retrofit options

Abstract: (2014) Integrating economic considerations with operational and embodied emissions into a decision support system for the optimal ranking of building retrofit options.

Cited by 66 publications

References 22 publications

Integrated hybrid life cycle assessment and supply chain environmental profile evaluations of lead-based (lead zirconate titanate) versus lead-free (potassium sodium niobate) piezoelectric ceramics

Integrated hybrid life cycle assessment and supply chain environmental profile evaluations of lead-based (lead zirconate titanate) versus lead-free (potassium sodium niobate) piezoelectric ceramics

Wind tunnel and CFD study of the natural ventilation performance of a commercial multi-directional wind tower

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