Integrating low-power IoT devices to a blockchain-based infrastructure

Özyılmaz, Kazım Rıfat; Yurdakul, Arda

doi:10.1145/3125503.3125628

Cited by 65 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…by Reyna et al [2]. Similarly, different integration patterns, such as an IoT device acting as a full node, blockchain access via a trusted gateway, or blockchain access via a light protocol have been identified [3]. Since it is common knowledge that many common public blockchains, such as Ethereum, have resource requirements that rule out most IoT devices from operating as a full node [5], an approach taken for example by IOTA 2 is to try to create a blockchain protocol and network that is suitable for direct use by IoT devices.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Since it is common knowledge that many common public blockchains, such as Ethereum, have resource requirements that rule out most IoT devices from operating as a full node [5], an approach taken for example by IOTA 2 is to try to create a blockchain protocol and network that is suitable for direct use by IoT devices. Other distributed ledger systems, such as Hyperledger Fabric, 3 offer more lightweight integration options due to their inherent permissioned model that contains explicit trust anchors.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the initial use of blockchains was primarily to transfer cryptocurrency between accounts on the blockchain network [1], the potential benefit of blockchains for Internetof-Things (IoT) devices has since became apparent [2]. Given the large variability of computing, memory, storage, power and network capabilities of IoT devices, several different integration models have been identified [3]. These each offer differing security guarantees for the devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Decentralized Beacons: Attesting the Ground Truth of Blockchain State for Constrained IoT Devices

Paavolainen

Nikander

2019

2019 Global IoT Summit (GIoTS)

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Internet of Thing devices (IoT devices) are often constrained in terms of computing, memory, storage, power, and network resources. This makes them ill-suited to operate as firstclass citizens on a blockchain, such as Ethereum, preventing the IoT devices from attaining the security guarantees that are available to better resourced nodes that are able to operate as full, validating nodes on the blockchain. IoT devices may use so-called light protocols to interact with the blockchain with minimal resource requirements, but these protocols provide only probabilistic security guarantees. In this position paper, we propose a new mechanism where an operator of IoT devices is able to send a "ground truth state" to the devices via a new mechanism, which we call "decentralized beacons", enabling them to gain full security guarantees of the blockchain state.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Decentralized Beacons: Attesting the Ground Truth of Blockchain State for Constrained IoT Devices

Paavolainen

Nikander

2019

2019 Global IoT Summit (GIoTS)

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“…A distributed digitalized ledger technology Blockchain has an increasing momentum store any kind of data in a secure manner. Blockchain and IoT integration have been studied and an alternative architecture is presented by Özyılmaz and Yurdakul [87]. The authors aim to integrate Blockchain to LoRaWAN infrastructures.…”

Section: Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on LoRaWAN Architecture, Protocol and Technologies

et al. 2019

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Internet of Things (IoT) expansion led the market to find alternative communication technologies since existing protocols are insufficient in terms of coverage, energy consumption to fit IoT needs. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) emerged as an alternative cost-effective communication technology for the IoT market. LoRaWAN is an open LPWAN standard developed by LoRa Alliance and has key features i.e., low energy consumption, long-range communication, builtin security, GPS-free positioning. In this paper, we will introduce LoRaWAN technology, the state of art studies in the literature and provide open opportunities. Several LPWANs emerged on both licensed and unlicensed bands, LoRaWAN, Sigfox and, NB-IoT are widely deployed vital technologies [3].Sigfox is an ultra-narrow band network that is patented and operated by Sigfox. Sigfox occupies 100 Hz and operates at 433MHz, 868MHz and 915MHz frequencies depending on the geographical regions. Technology has strict constraints on the number of packets (140 per day) and the packet size (12 bytes) to be sent. Also, LoRaWAN has similar policies to prevent network congestion allowing channels to be available only %1 duty-cycle for EU 868MHz (See Section 2.4.7). NB-IoT is an ultra-narrow band technology developed by the 3GPP group which can be adopted on GSM and LTE networks. It occupies 200 MHz bandwidth and can reach up to 200 kbps data transmission speed. Compared to LoRaWAN, Sigfox and NB-IoT operated by global network operators which limit deployments of the private networks [4].An overview comparison of the three networks is shown in Table 1. When LPWAN characteristics are considered LoRaWAN becomes a strong candidate for both scientific and industrial uses cases.LoRa referrer to Long Range and a physical layer technology patented by Semtech [5].LoRaWAN is an open protocol proposed by the LoRa Alliance which enables the MAC layer for the network [6].In this study, we will introduce the technological aspects of LoRaWAN and the state of art studies fulfilled about LoRaWAN till today. LoRaWAN protocol was first released in 2015 and had a few minor revisions, the differences in the protocol has been highlighted in the relevant subsection. In the survey, we will introduce LoRaWAN in depth both technological aspects and the use cases of its different areas. We categorized literature studies as in Figure 1. Studies are classified as two main sections; network technology and the applications, each section has own sub-branches. The majority of the work is focused on the coverage tests and applicability of the technology for different fields from large scale smart city applications to personal tracking assets. However, there are still gaps in the literature where researchers can address these problems such as post-disaster communication, decentralized networks, network management, and Adaptive Data Rate.

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“…Özyılmaz et al [11] created a proof of concept to enable low-power, resource-constrained IoT end-devices access to a blockchain-based infrastructure. To achieve this aim, an IoT gateway is configured as a blockchain node and an event-based messaging mechanism for low-power IoT end-devices is proposed.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multi-Transaction Mode Consortium Blockchain

Zhang¹

2018

IJPE

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It is difficult to apply the bitcoin transaction system's blockchain technology outside the electronic currency transaction. This paper proposes a Multi-Transaction Mode Consortium Blockchain (MTMCB), which generalizes the traditional buying and selling transaction into event processing of the business system. It prevents all kinds of high value event processing results from repudiation and tampering. MTMCB is low-cost and obtains credible results without accumulating technology. It extends the user type (not only the PC user), the storage type (not only local storage) and the storage content (not only the block data). MTMCB optimizes transaction verification, consensus decision, block generation, block storage, comparative verification and block linking mechanism. It provides visual audit services, including event proof, abnormal transaction early warning, tampering discovery and reconstruction, etc. Meanwhile, example simulation, security analysis and performance analysis are processed. Its results show that MTMCB has the same security level as the bitcoin core transaction system, and it has good adaptability in data resource protection of high value event processing.

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Integrating low-power IoT devices to a blockchain-based infrastructure

Cited by 65 publications

References 2 publications

Decentralized Beacons: Attesting the Ground Truth of Blockchain State for Constrained IoT Devices

Decentralized Beacons: Attesting the Ground Truth of Blockchain State for Constrained IoT Devices

A Survey on LoRaWAN Architecture, Protocol and Technologies

A Multi-Transaction Mode Consortium Blockchain

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