“… Method Human health Ecosystems Value Unit Value Unit This study 100,000 USD/DALY 65,000 USD/species.yr LIME 2 142,623 USD/DALY 13,775 USD/species.yr Stepwise 2006 90,206 USD/DALY 3755 USD/species.yr The values of conversion factors are normalized to the unit of USD/DALY and USD/species.yr. The exchange rate is 1 EUR = 1.219 USD 44 ; 1 DALY = 1 QALY, Quality Adjusted Life Year 49 ; 1 species.yr = 10,000,000 species 50 . Figure 8 Total costs of the four rubber hoses calculated by different monetary valuation methods (FU: one rubber hose).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… The values of conversion factors are normalized to the unit of USD/DALY and USD/species.yr. The exchange rate is 1 EUR = 1.219 USD 44 ; 1 DALY = 1 QALY, Quality Adjusted Life Year 49 ; 1 species.yr = 10,000,000 species 50 . …”
Rubber hoses are a category of rubber products that are widely and intensively employed in construction sites for concrete conveying. There has been lack of study to investigate the life cycle environmental and economic impacts of the rubber hoses as an industrial product. In this study, we analyze four types of rubber hoses with the inner layer made of different rubber composites to resist abrasion, i.e., Baseline, S-I, S-II and S-III. Tests of the wear resistance are carried out in the laboratory and S-III shows high abrasion resisting performance with the concrete conveying volume up to 20,000 m3 during the service life. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) models are established for evaluating the four types of rubber hoses. A target function is developed to integrate LCA and LCC by converting the LCA results to the environmental costs. It is found that S-III can save 13% total cost comparing to Baseline. The production stage is the largest contributor to the environmental single score, while the use stage is the largest contributor to the life cycle cost. Sensitivity analyses are conducted and the results of this study are validated with the previous studies. The integrated method of LCA and LCC developed in this study paves a way for the eco-design of industrial rubber hoses and is potentially applicable to other rubber products.
“… Method Human health Ecosystems Value Unit Value Unit This study 100,000 USD/DALY 65,000 USD/species.yr LIME 2 142,623 USD/DALY 13,775 USD/species.yr Stepwise 2006 90,206 USD/DALY 3755 USD/species.yr The values of conversion factors are normalized to the unit of USD/DALY and USD/species.yr. The exchange rate is 1 EUR = 1.219 USD 44 ; 1 DALY = 1 QALY, Quality Adjusted Life Year 49 ; 1 species.yr = 10,000,000 species 50 . Figure 8 Total costs of the four rubber hoses calculated by different monetary valuation methods (FU: one rubber hose).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… The values of conversion factors are normalized to the unit of USD/DALY and USD/species.yr. The exchange rate is 1 EUR = 1.219 USD 44 ; 1 DALY = 1 QALY, Quality Adjusted Life Year 49 ; 1 species.yr = 10,000,000 species 50 . …”
Rubber hoses are a category of rubber products that are widely and intensively employed in construction sites for concrete conveying. There has been lack of study to investigate the life cycle environmental and economic impacts of the rubber hoses as an industrial product. In this study, we analyze four types of rubber hoses with the inner layer made of different rubber composites to resist abrasion, i.e., Baseline, S-I, S-II and S-III. Tests of the wear resistance are carried out in the laboratory and S-III shows high abrasion resisting performance with the concrete conveying volume up to 20,000 m3 during the service life. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) models are established for evaluating the four types of rubber hoses. A target function is developed to integrate LCA and LCC by converting the LCA results to the environmental costs. It is found that S-III can save 13% total cost comparing to Baseline. The production stage is the largest contributor to the environmental single score, while the use stage is the largest contributor to the life cycle cost. Sensitivity analyses are conducted and the results of this study are validated with the previous studies. The integrated method of LCA and LCC developed in this study paves a way for the eco-design of industrial rubber hoses and is potentially applicable to other rubber products.
“…When MSWI residues are recycled, the leaching of toxic and harmful composition to soil and water as well as other environmental impact are important points of concern. 93 Many approaches 94 can be used to assess environmental impacts such as life cycle assessment (LCA), cost-benefit analysis and statistical entropy analysis. Among them, LCA is an effective method for assessing comprehensive environmental impacts 95 and has been widely used in waste management field.…”
Section: Environmental Impact Of Recycling Mswi Residuesmentioning
MSWI residues can be recycled for preparing construction materials (cast stone, glass-ceramic, cement and concrete) with little environmental impact after proper treatment.
“…Table 2 shows an overview of the knowledge generated in each step, as well as general criteria for the case of a positive rating of each step. In pioneering case studies, the UNFC has been successfully applied to anthropogenic RMs, such as landfills [48], municipal waste incineration residues [49,50], electronic waste [48,51], and metalliferous tailings [45]. They deal with already identified RMs recovery projects, partially in advanced stages, showing that quality-assured data on recoverable anthropogenic RMs quantities can be evaluated with the UNFC [44].…”
Section: Concept For a Systematic Tsf Screeningmentioning
Mapping the raw material (RM) potential of anthropogenic RMs, such as tailings, requires a comprehensive assessment and classification. However, a simple procedure to quickly screen for potentially viable RMs recovery projects similar to reconnaissance exploration of natural mineral RMs is missing. In this article, a quick and efficient approach to systematically screen tailings storage facilities (TSFs) is presented to evaluate if a particular TSF meets the criteria to be assessed in a more advanced study including costly on-site exploration. Based on aspects related to a TSF’s contents, physical structure, surroundings, potential environmental and social impacts, and potentially affected stakeholders, it guides its user in compiling the information at local scale in a structured manner compliant with the United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC). The test application to the TSF Bollrich (Germany), situated in a complex environment close to various stakeholders, demonstrates that a quick and remote assessment with publicly accessible information is possible. Since an assessment of tailings under conventional classification codes from the primary mining industry neglects relevant aspects, it is concluded that tailings should be considered as anthropogenic RMs. The developed screening approach can help to create a TSF inventory which captures project potentials and barriers comprehensively.
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