Integrative physiological, transcriptome, and metabolome analysis reveals the effects of nitrogen sufficiency and deficiency conditions in apple leaves and roots

Sun, Tingting; Zhang, Junke; Zhang, Qiang; Li, Xingliang; Li, Minji; Yang, Yuzhang; Zhou, Jia; Wei, Qinping; Zhou, Beibei

doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104633

Cited by 46 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…These results are consistent with previous studies using soybean grains [ 70 ] and sugarbeet root [ 71 ]. Sugar compounds are also one of the most significant determining factors of yield and quality in plants [ 72 , 73 , 74 ]. Sugar compounds are the main source of energy in photosynthesis and transport carbohydrates over a long-distance in plant leaves, which are responsible for better plant growth when using NH 4 + /NO 3 − ratios [ 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Naringin and rutinoside flavonoids in fruits have been influenced with N applications and the control [ 91 ]. Total flavonoids and chlorogenic acids in apple skins and secondary metabolites in apple leaves have been altered with N applications and the control [ 72 , 73 ]. It has been reported that N influenced the flavonoids and antioxidants in Axonopus compressus and Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt [ 89 , 90 , 91 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential Metabolic Responses of Lettuce Grown in Soil, Substrate and Hydroponic Cultivation Systems under NH4+/NO3− Application

et al. 2022

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Nitrogen (N) is an essential element for plant growth and development. The application of a balanced and optimal amount of N is required for sustainable plant yield. For this, different N sources and forms are used, that including ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−). These are the main sources for N uptake by plants where NH4+/NO3− ratios have a significant effect on the biomass, quality and metabolites composition of lettuce grown in soil, substrate and hydroponic cultivation systems. A limited supply of N resulted in the reduction in the biomass, quality and overall yield of lettuce. Additionally, different types of metabolites were produced with varying concentrations of N sources and can be used as metabolic markers to improve the N use efficiency. To investigate the differential metabolic activity, we planted lettuce with different NH4+/NO3− ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100%) and a control (no additional N applied) in soil, substrate and hydroponic cultivation systems. The results revealed that the 25% NH4+/75% NO3− ratio increased the relative chlorophyll contents as well as the biomass of lettuce in all cultivation systems. However, lettuce grown in the hydroponic cultivation system showed the best results. The concentration of essential amino acids including alanine, valine, leucine, lysine, proline and serine increased in soil and hydroponically grown lettuce treated with the 25% NH4+/75% NO3− ratio. The taste and quality-related compounds in lettuce showed maximum relative abundance with the 25% NH4+/75% NO3− ratio, except ascorbate (grown in soil) and lactupicrin (grown in substrate), which showed maximum relative abundance in the 50% NH4+/50% NO3− ratio and control treatments, respectively. Moreover, 1-O-caffeoylglucose, 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid, aesculetin and quercetin-3-galactoside were increased by the application of the 100% NH4+/0% NO3− ratio in soil-grown lettuce. The 25% NH4+/75% NO3− ratio was more suitable in the hydroponic cultivation system to obtain increased lettuce biomass. The metabolic profiling of lettuce showed different behaviors when applying different NH4+/NO3− ratios. Therefore, the majority of the parameters were largely influenced by the 25% NH4+/75% NO3− ratio, which resulted in the hyper-accumulation of health-promoting compounds in lettuce. In conclusion, the optimal N applications improve the quality of lettuce grown in soil, substrate and hydroponic cultivation systems which ultimately boost the nutritional value of lettuce.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Metabolic Responses of Lettuce Grown in Soil, Substrate and Hydroponic Cultivation Systems under NH4+/NO3− Application

et al. 2022

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“…Low-N-induced an decrease in the concentration of FAAs was the greatest in young leaves, followed by mature leaves of oilseed rape; the concentration of FAAs did not differ significantly between low- and high-N treated old leaves [ 29 ]. N-deficiency-induced a decrease in the biosynthesis of AAs has also been observed in N-deficient roots, leaves and/or shoots of foxtail millet [ 16 ], Arabidopsis [ 30 ], maize [ 8 ], tomato [ 31 ], apple [ 32 ] and poplar [ 4 , 21 ]. However, early responses to low-N in barley leaves led to an increased accumulation of FAAs [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive responses of carbon and nitrogen metabolisms to nitrogen-deficiency in Citrus sinensis seedlings

et al. 2022

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Background In China, nitrogen (N)-deficiency often occurs in Citrus orchards, which is one of the main causes of yield loss and fruit quality decline. Little information is known about the adaptive responses of Citrus carbon (C) and N metabolisms to N-deficiency. Seedlings of ‘Xuegan’ (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) were supplied with nutrient solution at an N concentration of 0 (N-deficiency), 5, 10, 15 or 20 mM for 10 weeks. Thereafter, we examined the effects of N supply on the levels of C and N in roots, stems and leaves, and the levels of organic acids, nonstructural carbohydrates, NH4+-N, NO3−-N, total soluble proteins, free amino acids (FAAs) and derivatives (FAADs), and the activities of key enzymes related to N assimilation and organic acid metabolism in roots and leaves. Results N-deficiency elevated sucrose export from leaves to roots, C and N distributions in roots and C/N ratio in roots, stems and leaves, thus enhancing root dry weight/shoot dry weight ratio and N use efficiency. N-deficient leaves displayed decreased accumulation of starch and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) and increased sucrose/starch ratio as well as a partitioning trend of assimilated C toward to sucrose, but N-deficient roots displayed elevated accumulation of starch and TNC and reduced sucrose/starch ratio as well as a partitioning trend of assimilated C toward to starch. N-deficiency reduced the concentrations of most FAADs and the ratios of total FAADs (TFAADs)/N in leaves and roots. N-deficiency reduced the demand for C skeleton precursors for amino acid biosynthesis, thus lowering TFAADs/C ratio in leaves and roots. N-deficiency increased (decreased) the relative amounts of C-rich (N-rich) FAADs, thus increasing the molar ratio of C/N in TFAADs in leaves and roots. Conclusions Our findings corroborated our hypothesis that C and N metabolisms displayed adaptive responses to N-deficiency in C. sinensis seedlings, and that some differences existed between roots and leaves in N-deficiency-induced alterations of and C and N metabolisms.

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“…Recently, studies have targeted apple tissues to explore global N tolerance using RNA-seq analysis [22,23]; however, the detailed metabolic signals associated with N stress responses have not been investigated well. Our transcriptome data of apple leaves collected under contrasting N stress conditions provided valuable information about the expression dynamics of genes associated with each N-deficient/excessive stress response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In apple orchards, proper N fertilization is a critical component of farmers' tree management, and during the growing season, the stress responses of apple trees induced by various N fertilization can result in unbalanced growth and physiological disorders. Global transcriptome data from previous studies [20,21] and recent studies have suggested examining the different responses to N tolerance in apple tissues [22,23]. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms of responsive metabolic signals associated with various N stress conditions in apple.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Genes Associated with Nitrogen Stress Responses in Apple Leaves

Lee

Giap

Kim

et al. 2021

Plants

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Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient that regulates diverse physiological processes for plant survival and development. In apple orchards, inappropriate N conditions can cause imbalanced growth and subsequent physiological disorders in trees. In order to investigate the molecular basis underlying the physiological signals for N stress responses, we examined the metabolic signals responsive to contrasting N stress conditions (deficient/excessive) in apple leaves using transcriptome approaches. The clustering of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed the expression dynamics of genes associated with each N stress group. Functional analyses of gene ontology and pathway enrichments revealed the potential candidates of metabolic signals responsible for N-deficient/excessive stress responses. The functional interactions of DEGs in each cluster were further explored by protein–protein interaction network analysis. Our results provided a comprehensive insight into molecular signals responsive to N stress conditions, and will be useful in future research to enhance the nutrition tolerance of tree crops.

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Integrative physiological, transcriptome, and metabolome analysis reveals the effects of nitrogen sufficiency and deficiency conditions in apple leaves and roots

Cited by 46 publications

References 48 publications

Differential Metabolic Responses of Lettuce Grown in Soil, Substrate and Hydroponic Cultivation Systems under NH4+/NO3− Application

Differential Metabolic Responses of Lettuce Grown in Soil, Substrate and Hydroponic Cultivation Systems under NH4+/NO3− Application

Adaptive responses of carbon and nitrogen metabolisms to nitrogen-deficiency in Citrus sinensis seedlings

Identification of Genes Associated with Nitrogen Stress Responses in Apple Leaves

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