Intense training: mucosal immunity and incidence of respiratory infections

Abstract

This investigation examined the impact of a multistressor situation on salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels, and incidence of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) during the French commando training (3 weeks of training followed by a 5-day combat course). For the URTI, the types of symptoms were classified according to the anatomical location of the infection. Saliva samples were collected (8 a.m.) from 21 males [21 (2) years] before entry into the commando training, the morning following the 3 weeks of training, after the 5-day combat course, and after 1 week of recovery. sIgA, protein and cortisol concentrations were measured. Symptoms of URTI were recorded during the study from health logs and medical examinations. After the 3 weeks of training, the sIgA concentration was not changed, although it was reduced after the 5-day course [from 120 (14) mg l(-1) to 71 (9) mg l(-1), P<0.01]. It returned to pre-training levels within a week of recovery. The incidence of URTI increased during the trial (chi(2)=53.48; P<0.01), but was not related to sIgA. Among the 30 episodes of URTI reported, there were 12 rhino-pharyngitis, 6 bronchitis, 5 tonsillitis, 4 sinusitis and 3 otitis. Cortisol levels were raised after the 3-week training (P<0.01), dropping below baseline after the combat course (P<0.01). Stressful situations have an adverse effect on mucosal immunity and incidence of URTI. However, the relationship between sIgA and illness remained unclear. The large proportion of rhino-pharyngitis indicated that the nasopharyngeal cavity is at a higher risk of infection.

Effect of sensory stimulation on salivary IgA secretion rate in karate players

“…The decrease in absolute concentration of IgA and secretion rate in response to exercise is in keeping with some prevous findings [9,14,15], but is not confirmed with others [6,15,31] [24]. The decrease in the saliva values observed after exercise is dependent on both the duration and intensity of the exercise [25].…”

“…These authors demonstrated that sIgA active decrease, but not increase is mediated by α-adrenergic mechanisms [31].…”

Monitorando o treinamento através do Wisconsin upper respiratory symptom survey -21 e daily analysis of life demands in athletes nas versões em língua Portuguesa

“…observaram o crescimento de sinais e sintomas de ITRS (CARINS;BOOTH, 2002;TIOLLIER et al, 2005). Neville, Gleeson e Foland (2008), em um estudo com 38 participantes da American-Cup yacht racing, durante 50 dias, relataram 2,7 episódios de ITRS por 1000 horas de navegação e treinamento.…”

Monitoramento da carga interna de treinamento, tolerância ao estresse e ocorrência de infecções em jovens atletas de futebol

“…Tal resultado também pode ser consequência da baixa CIT imposta aos atletas. Apesar de neste estudo não ter sido observado aumento significativo dos ssITRS, estudos longitudinais que induziram intensificação do treinamento ou do aumento das fontes de estresse de diferentes naturezas, conseguiram demonstrar tal fato (CARINS;BOOTH, 2002;FREITAS et al, 2013;TIOLLIER et al, 2005). Entretanto, é importante destacar que, quando se correlaciona os sintomas de estresse com ssITRS, os resultados demonstram significância intra-indivíduos, pois foi demonstrada correlação entre carga estressora (medida pelos sintomas de estresse) e ssITRS em três das quatro semanas analisadas (2, 3 e 4).…”