“…They have been used to investigate the impacts of chemical contaminants on wildlife (Forbes and Calow, 2002;Hanson and Stark, 2011;Ibrahim et al, 2014;Stark et al, 2004). Recently, population modelling has been introduced in the field of radioecology (Alonzo et al, 2016;Monte, 2009;Sazykina, 2018;Vives i Batlle et al, 2012). These models help researchers to explore the potential population level consequences of ionising radiation, but they are insufficient for informing regulatory decision making where an ecosystem approach is increasingly advocated (Bradshaw et al, 2014;Brechignac, 2009).…”