Interaction between Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection and age on telomerase misregulation

Abstract

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL). BLV can interact with telomerase and inhibits telomere shortening, contributing in leukemogenesis and tumour induction. The role of telomerase in BLV-induced lymphosarcoma and aging has been extensively studied. To date, the interaction of both BLV and aging on telomerase mis-regulation have, however, not been investigated. In the present study, telomerase activity in BLV positive and negative cows was compared over a wide range of ages (11-85 months). Lymphocyte counts were also measured in both BLV positive and negative groups. Telomerase activity was detected in all BLV infected animals with persistent lymphocytosis (PL), especially in older individuals. This study revealed that the cells undergo the natural telomerase shortening even in the presence of an existing viral infection. We also show that viral infection, especially during the PL phase of the disease, increases telomerase activity. A statistically significant interaction between age and viral infection was observed for telomere shortening during BLV infection. Older animals with BLV infection, especially those with persistent lymphocytosis or visible tumors, exhibited a sharp increase in telomerase activity. This study demonstrates that there is a significant interaction between BLV infection and telomerase up-regulation and lymphocytosis.

Post-Translational Protein Deimination Signatures in Serum and Serum-Extracellular Vesicles of Bos taurus Reveal Immune, Anti-Pathogenic, Anti-Viral, Metabolic and Cancer-Related Pathways for Deimination

“…Cattle do generate bladder tumors and these have been studied in relation to various molecular mechanisms as well as in relation to viral infections, including papilloma and leukemia viruses, also in a comparative context to human cancer [103,[227][228][229]. Bovine leukemia virus has furthermore been linked to telomerase upregulation and tumor induction in cattle [230]. PADs and deimination have been widely studied in a range of cancers, including via epigenetic regulation [9][10][11]100,[231][232][233][234] but this is the first identification of post-translational regulation of such pathways via deimination in cattle.…”

The First Implication of Image Processing Techniques on Influenza A Virus Sub-Typing Based on HA/NA Protein Sequences, using Convolutional Deep Neural Network

“…Influenza A pandemics of the last century (H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2), avian H5N1 and recent H7N9 have been infecting the human with high mortality rates [22]. Multiple gene reassortant of viruses from various sources (such as swine, avian and even human populations) have been blamed for the H1N1 pandemic in 2009 and novel reassortant of H7N9 in 2013; expecting more pandemics to happen in near future due to high reassortment capacity of the virus [23].…”

“…As we previously showed, influenza virus can acquire additional host specificity of another subtype just by a small change in amino acid sequence; increasing the chance of host range and survival by less energy consumption and minimum change in protein sequences [22].…”

“…The performances of conventional predictive models varied, from 35% to 99% The findings are in line with previously published works. Although we were able to reach 99% accuracy with Naïve Bayes model in predicting the HA subtype [22], that dataset created based on thousands of physic-o-chemical features of proteins, not protein sequence. But here, raw amino acid sequences fed into the model; now, the developed algorithm can be directly used to predict the type of HA or NA proteins with the highest possible accuracy.…”

Bovine leukaemia virus DNA in fresh milk and raw beef for human consumption

“…Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) belongs to the genus Deltaretrovirus , family Retroviridae , subfamily Oncovirinae . This is an oncogenic virus that was first isolated in 1969 and is the aetiological agent of enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), one of the most frequently occurring neoplastic diseases in cattle [1]; about a third of BLV-infected cows develop persistent lymphocytosis, 1–5% of them developing the late stage of the disease that is associated with B-cell neoplasm [2]. This retrovirus is closely related to the types of human lymphotropic T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV-1 and -2) [3].…”