“…These are comparable to other investigations of Cd on growth restriction and pregnancy outcomes, and similar to a previous study from our lab utilizing a larger sample size (n = 242), which applied different statistical methods and did not adjust for Se exposure, that did observe a significant Cd-SGA association (Everson et al, 2016). Other investigations have observed associations between increasing placental, maternal or fetal Cd concentrations with increased odds of preeclampsia (PE) (Laine et al, 2015) and odds of SGA (Al-Saleh et al, 2015; Johnston et al, 2014; Wang et al, 2016b), and with decreased birth weights (Kippler et al, 2012; Llanos and Ronco, 2009; Menai et al, 2012), birth weight percentiles (Johnston et al, 2014), head circumference (Kippler et al, 2012), Apgar 5-min scores and with placental size (Al-Saleh et al, 2015). Some of these associations were dependent on low maternal Se concentrations (Laine et al, 2015) or varied by infant sex (Kippler et al, 2013, 2012; Romano et al, 2016).…”