Interaction between parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves in prevertebral ganglia: Morphological evidence for vagal efferent innervation of ganglion cells in the rat

Berthoud, Hans‐Rudolf; Powley, Terry L.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19960901)35:1<80::aid-jemt7>3.0.co;2-w

Cited by 87 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In agreement with these studies, we confirmed the absence of cholinergic fibers in the spleen and found that some TNF-producing macrophages in the spleen are in close proximity to catecholaminergic nerve terminals. Previous studies revealed that the vagus nerve, through efferent fibers of its celiac branches, terminates in synapatic-like structures around principal cells of the celiacsuperior mesenteric ganglia (13,27). It is now clear that the vagus nerve controls immune cell function in the spleen through a system of two serially connected neurons: one preganglionic, which originates in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus embodied in the vagus nerve, and the other postganglionic, which originates in the ganglia of the celiac-superior mesenteric plexus and travels along the splenic nerve (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Efferent fibers of the common celiac branch of the vagus terminate in the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia (27), the site where catecholaminergic splenic nerve fibers originate (15)(16)(17). We performed vagus nerve stimulation in endotoxemic rats that had previously undergone surgical ablation of the splenic nerve.…”

Section: Surgical Ablation Of the Splenic Nerve And Catecholamine Depmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Splenic nerve is required for cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway control of TNF in endotoxemia

Rosas-Ballina¹,

Ochani²,

Parrish³

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

621

569

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The autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis through its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. During infection, cells of the immune system release cytokines and other mediators that cause fever, hypotension, and tissue injury. Although the effect of cytokines on the nervous system has been known for decades, only recently has it become evident that the autonomic nervous system, in turn, regulates cytokine production through neural pathways. We have previously shown that efferent vagus nerve signals regulate cytokine production through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit ␣7, a mechanism termed ''the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway.'' Here, we show that vagus nerve stimulation during endotoxemia specifically attenuates TNF production by spleen macrophages in the red pulp and the marginal zone. Administration of nicotine, a pharmacological agonist of ␣7, attenuated TNF immunoreactivity in these specific macrophage subpopulations. Synaptophysin-positive nerve endings were observed in close apposition to red pulp macrophages, but they do not express choline acetyltransferase or vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Surgical ablation of the splenic nerve and catecholamine depletion by reserpine indicate that these nerves are catecholaminergic and are required for functional inhibition of TNF production by vagus nerve stimulation. Thus, the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway regulates TNF production in discrete macrophage populations via two serially connected neurons: one preganglionic, originating in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, and the second postganglionic, originating in the celiacsuperior mesenteric plexus, and projecting in the splenic nerve.brain ͉ cytokine ͉ innate ͉ spleen ͉ vagus T he autonomic nervous system is divided into two major branches based on anatomy and function. These divisions, sympathetic and parasympathetic, control organ function through a set of two serially connected neurons, the first of which is located in the CNS and the second in the peripheral ganglia. Typically, parasympathetic neurons originate in the brainstem medulla and sacral portion of the spinal cord, and the ganglia are located close to or within the innervated organ. Sympathetic neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar portion of the spinal cord, and the ganglia are situated close to the spinal cord.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Surgical Ablation Of the Splenic Nerve And Catecholamine Depmentioning

confidence: 99%

Splenic nerve is required for cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway control of TNF in endotoxemia

Rosas-Ballina¹,

Ochani²,

Parrish³

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

621

569

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This vagal contact may either directly modulate the postganglionic outflow or else gate some or all the potential modulatory inputs to these postganglionic neurons, thus allowing the vagal system to exert a more selective influence on sympathetic outflow (Berthoud & Powley 1993). These vagal projections form varicose terminal-like structures, highly suggestive of synaptic contacts surrounding individual ganglion cells, thus demonstrating the presence of cholinergic receptors in the ganglion (Berthoud & Powley 1996). In the present experimental scheme, we used acetylcholine as cholinergic agonist because it is considered to be the classical preganglionic neurotransmitter of the sympathetic ganglionic pathway (Eccles & Libet 1961, Berthoud & Powley 1993.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cholinergic influence on the mesenteric ganglion affects the liberation of ovarian steroids and nitric oxide in oestrus day rats: characterization of an ex vivo system

Orozco¹,

Sosa²,

Fillipa³

et al. 2006

Journal of Endocrinology

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The axons that constitute the ovarian nervous plexus originate mostly in the principal neurons of the superior mesenteric ganglion (SMG) that is part of the sympathetic ganglionic chain and exhibits cholinergic receptors. In order to observe the effect of acetylcholine, the main neurotransmitter in the ganglionic transmission, the purpose of the present work was: first, to standardize an integrated ex vivo superior mesenteric ganglion-ovarian nervous plexus-ovary (SMG-ONP-O) system in oestrus day rats; secondly, to determine if the ganglionic cholinergic stimulus modifies the release of nitric oxide and steroids in the ovary compartment in the absence of humoral factors; and thirdly, to investigate if there are differences in the responses between the left and right ovaries caused by the neural stimulus. The ex vivo experimental left and right systems were developed and standardized. The systems were incubated in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer in a Dubnoff metabolic shaker. The progesterone release was determined to standardize the incubation times, obtaining different responses between the left and right systems, which shows that both systems have their own autonomic tone. Non-specific stimulation with KCl in the ganglion compartment provoked different responses in terms of release of progesterone and oestradiol. Progesterone decreased in the left and right systems.However, oestradiol diminished at short times and increased at 60 and 120 min in the left ovary, whereas it increases at 30 and 60 min in the right ovary. These different responses show the sensitivity and viability of both systems. When acetylcholine was used in the ganglion compartment, the release of nitric oxide, progesterone, androstenedione and oestradiol was evaluated. The liberation of nitrite increased at 15, 30 and 60 min in the left system and decreased in the right system at 120 min. Progesterone showed a decrease in its release at 15, 30 and 120 min and androstenedione at 15 min in the left ovary compartment. In the right ovary, only progesterone decreased in relation to the control at 120 min while androstenedione did not show significant changes. Oestradiol showed an increase in the left ovary compartment at all the studied times, while in the right ovary it did not show any changes. These results indicate that the neural stimulus from the superior mesenteric ganglion through the ovarian nervous plexus is one of the factors modulating the secretory activity of the ovarian steroids and nitric oxide. The system is viable and also shows a different sensitivity of the left ovary in relation to the right one at least in this cycle stage, characterized by marked irrigation and profound structural changes in the ovary.

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“…In splenectomized rats injected with endotoxin, serum TNF- is reduced by 70%, and vagus nerve stimulation fails to further suppress TNF-. The celiac branches of the vagus terminate in the celiac-superior mesenteric plexus and not in the spleen (Berthoud & Powley, 1996). The spleen is innervated by the splenic nerve, which originates in celiac-superior mesenteric plexus.…”

Section: Reflex Control Of Inflammation: Part I -Brain-to-immune Commmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Reflex Control of Inflammation During Sepsis Syndromes

Fernández¹,

Acuña-Castillo²

2012

Sepsis - An Ongoing and Significant Challenge

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Interaction between parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves in prevertebral ganglia: Morphological evidence for vagal efferent innervation of ganglion cells in the rat

Cited by 87 publications

References 32 publications

Splenic nerve is required for cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway control of TNF in endotoxemia

Splenic nerve is required for cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway control of TNF in endotoxemia

The cholinergic influence on the mesenteric ganglion affects the liberation of ovarian steroids and nitric oxide in oestrus day rats: characterization of an ex vivo system

Neural Reflex Control of Inflammation During Sepsis Syndromes

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