Interaction between Salmonella and Schistosomiasis: A Review

Abstract

The interaction between schistosomiasis and Salmonella is a particularly important issue in Africa, where dual infection by the parasite and the bacterium are likely common. In this review, the ways in which schistosomiasis affects human biology as it relates to Salmonella are described. Those who are infected by both organisms experience reduced immunological functioning, exhibit irreversible organ damage due to prolonged schistosomiasis infection, and become latent carriers of Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi and S. Typhimurium. The sequestration of the bacteria in the parasite leads to ineffective antibiotic treatment because the bacteria cannot be completely killed, and lingering infection may then lead to antimicrobial resistance. These manifestations are likely not just for those dually infected but also for those first infected with schistosomes and, later, Salmonella. More data are needed to better understand dual infection, particularly as it may impact treatment and prevention of schistosomiasis and Salmonella in sub-Saharan Africa.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella intestinal carriage in a Schistosoma mansoni endemic community in a rural area of the Democratic Republic of Congo

“…The impact of this study for the control of invasive salmonellosis may be summarized as follows: even among heavy Schistosoma mansoni infections, the proportion of invasive Salmonella serotypes (Typhimurium and Enteritidis) was still low. Based on the present findings, Schistosoma mansoni infection is not expected to constitute a barrier to immunization of populations by Salmonella vaccination as mentioned in a recent review [29]. Further studies are needed to confirm the present findings for other Schistosoma species and Salmonella-infected patients (bacteremia and bacteriuria).…”

“…Despite the fact that well-designed epidemiological studies on Salmonella-Schistosoma coinfections are lacking, there is concern that concurrent Schistosoma infection may interfere with effectiveness of typhoid vaccines [29] and by extension with the future non-Typhoidal Salmonella vaccines.…”

Schistosoma japonicum–Associated Colorectal Cancer: A Review

“…Prolonged Enterobacteriaceae infections, particularly Salmonella sp., have been reported concurrently with S. japonicum infestation, which confers a survival advantage to bacteria by inducing immunosuppression. [44][45][46][47][48][49][50] Both severe clinical infection and chronic carrier state of Salmonella enterica subsp. (serovars Typhi/Paratyphi, Typhimurium, and Enteritidis) are associated with increased risk of developing CRC, suggesting a contribution of these pathogens to the multistep process of colorectal carcinogenesis.…”

<i>Salmonella enterica</i> and <i>Theileria</i> co-infection in dromedary camels (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>) in UAE

“…Animals in nature are commonly co-infected by two or more different pathogens or strains which may act independently or interact with one another and with the host through various mechanisms. Despite the limited number of studies, it has been hypothesized that parasites, including Schistosoma spp., Plasmodium spp., and helminthes lead to various changes in organs that increase the susceptibility of animals to salmonella infections (Sümer et al, 2014;Hsiao et al, 2016;Reynolds et al, 2017). This may also be true in dual Theileria and Salmonella enterica infection in camels, particularly its impact on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.…”