Interaction of 4 allotropic modifications of carbon nanoparticles with living tissues

Abstract

environmental pollution and technological progress lead to carbon nanoparticles that pose a serious health risk. They are present in soot, dust, and printing toner and can also be formed during grinding and cutting. human neutrophils are able to sequester foreign material by formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), a process that can cause a strong inflammatory response. In the current work we compared proinflammatory properties of different carbon-based nanostructures: nanodiamonds, graphene oxide, fullerenes c 60 and carbon dots. We tested adjuvant properties of carbon nanoparticles in a murine immunization model by investigating humoral (specific IgG and IgM antibodies) and cellular (delayed type hypersensitivity) immune responses. The ability of NETs to sequester nanoparticles was analyzed in a mouse air pouch model and neutrophil activation was verified by in vivo tracking of near-infrared labeled nanodiamonds and ex vivo fluorescent assays using human blood-derived neutrophils. All carbon nanoparticles exhibited proinflammatory adjuvant-like properties by stimulating production of specific IgG but not IgM antibodies (humoral immune response). The adjuvant-like response decreased in this order: from nanodiamonds, graphene oxide, fullerenes c 60 to carbon dots. None of the studied carbon nanoparticles triggered a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction (cellular immune response). Nanodiamonds and fullerenes c 60 were sequestrated in the body by NETs, as confirmed in the air pouch model and by in vivo fluorescent tracking of near-infrared labeled nanodiamonds. K e y w o r d s: carbon-based nanostructures, immune response, inflammation, neutrophil extracellular traps (NeTs).

Neutrophils as Main Players of Immune Response towards Nondegradable Nanoparticles

“…From our experience different cancer cells, primary human lymphocytes, macrophages, and RBCs lose cell integrity caused by an increased membrane permeability. Eventually they die after contacting small lipophilic n/µP [ 16 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Cells able to phagocytose will engulf n/µP before death, like murine macrophages J774.2, and human monocyte-derived macrophages.…”

“…Many of them had been engulfed by alveolar macrophages. Importantly, extracellular DNA and externalized neutrophils elastase surrounded the aggregates [ 21 , 22 ]. These conditions can be reproduced when mice with induced air pouches were injected with soot.…”