“…Biofilms, consortiums of bacterial cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) attached to substrate surfaces (Donlan, 2001), are ubiquitous in rivers (Cho et al, 2022; Drummond et al, 2015; Risse‐Buhl et al, 2017; Tlili et al, 2020), coastal areas (De Carvalho, 2018), human organs (Schulze et al, 2021), and drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) (Shen et al, 2016; Yan et al, 2022). Many biofilms are harmful because they increase the presence of pathogenic bacteria (September et al, 2007; Ximenes et al, 2017), clog medical devices (Donlan, 2001; Drescher et al, 2013; Dressaire & Sauret, 2017), and increase bacterial resistance to bactericides (Ghannoum et al, 2020).…”