Interactions of Spatial and Luminance Information in the Retina of Chickens During Myopia Development

Effects of direct intravitreal dopamine injections on the development of lid-suture induced myopia in rabbits

“…In this report, we have successfully demonstrated that rabbit eyes respond to FD by suturing the eyelids, similar to the response in other animals, such as chicks [1,4,22,24,36], tree shrews [10,13,27] and monkeys [5,28,29,38]. Axial and vitreous chamber length elongations are consistent features of FDM in all species studied, with modest changes, if any, in other ocular components.…”

“…It has been demonstrated in several animal species that FDM in neonates produces a breakdown of the emmetropization process in the deprived eye, resulting in axial elongation and myopia. These results have been observed in chicks [1,4,22,24,36], squirrels [12], tree shrews [10,13,19,27], cats [6,17,18] and monkeys [5,28,29,38]. Chicks are commonly used because of their low cost and fast response to alterations in the visual environment.…”

Selective Breeding for Susceptibility to Myopia Reveals a Gene–Environment Interaction

“…Details of the optokinetic nystagmus testing paradigm have been reported previously. 32,33 Briefly, seven randomly selected chickens (4 from the high-susceptibility line and three from the low-susceptibility line) were individually placed inside a large drum with printed stripes (1 cyc/deg, 28.5% contrast) on the inner wall. The rotating speed of the drum was 50 deg/s.…”

Vitamin D in Dry Eye and Myopia

“…Although the underlying mechanism remains unclear, now it is known that retinal dopamine release can be altered by retinal image quality, either manipulated by the contrast or illumination received on the retina (Feldkaemper et al, 1999). Reduced the contrast received by retina using myopic or hyperopic defocus leads to lower dopamine release .…”

“…A number of animal species have demonstrated that the disruption of emmetropisation occurs leading to myopic-shifted refraction and axial elongation when there is FDM in the deprived eye; for example, chicks (Beresford et al, 2001;Feldkaemper et al, 1999;Schaeffel & Howland, 1991;Wildsoet & Wallman, 1995), and mammals (including monkeys, cats, tree shrews, and squirrels) (Funata & Tokoro, 1990;Hendrickson & Rosenblum, 1985;Jinren & Smith, 1989;Marsh-Tootle & Norton, 1989;McBrien et al, 1993;Nathan et al, 1984;Siegwart & Norton, 2001;Smith & Hung, 2000;Smith et al, 1987;Yinon, 1984).…”