Interactive Effects of Endurance Training and Royal Jelly Consumption on Motor Balance and Pain Threshold in Animal Model of the Alzheimer Disease

Abstract

Background:The Alzheimer disease (AD) induces the central and peripheral nervous system disruption by increasing oxidative stress; therefore, it induces disruption of the physical condition as well as occurrence of chronic pain. Objectives: The present study aimed at investigating the interactive effects of endurance training (ET) on positive and negative slope and royal jelly (RJ) consumption on motor balance and pain threshold in animal model of AD. Methods: The current experimental study was conducted on 49 male Wister rats with AD divided equally into seven groups including AD control (ADC), ET on positive slope (ETPS), ET on negative slope (ETNS), sham (RJ solvent) (SH), ETPS + RJ, ETNS + RJ, and RJ. In order to investigate the effect of AD induction on motor balance and pain threshold, seven rats were assigned into the healthy control (HC) group. The rats in the ET groups performed ET for four weeks and five 60-minute sessions weekly, and the RJ groups received 100 mg/kg RJ daily for four weeks. One-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests were employed to analyze the data (P ≤ 0.05). Results: ETPS, ETNS, and RJ consumption significantly increased motor balance in rats with AD (P ≤ 0.05). Also, ET and RJ consumption had interactive effects on increasing the motor balance in rats with AD (P ≤ 0.05). ETPS significantly reduced pain threshold in rats with AD (P ≤ 0.05); nevertheless, ET and RJ consumption had no interactive effects on reduction of the pain threshold in rats with AD (P ≥ 0.05).Conclusions: It seems that to improve the motor balance in AD, ETPS and ETNS can be employed with RJ consumption.

Antioxidant Effect of Swimming Training and Royal Jelly Consumption in the Hippocampus Tissue of Rats With Alzheimer’s Disease

“…There is limited information about the interactive effect of exercise and RJ and their antioxidant effect; however, exercise and RJ interactively increased serotonin gene expression levels (3), motor balance (12), and memory and learning (1) in rats with AD. Concerning the interactive effects, the present study showed that ST along with RJ had interactive effects on increasing GPx and decreasing SOD gene expression levels.…”

“…In this study, to use RJ daily, 250 mg of RJ was immediately removed from the temperature of -21˚C with a scalpel and dissolved in 3 mL of normal saline. Immediately after ensuring their dissolution by shaker, the RJ groups were injected with 0.3 mL of RJ solution to each rat (12,13,18). Next, 48 hours after the last training session, the rats were anesthetized with 10% ketamine (50 mg/kg body weight) and 2% xylazine (10 mg/kg body weight) after about 5 minutes.…”

“…Although some studies have examined the desired effects of each of these interventions, no study has been conducted to examine the interactive effect of both factors on antioxidant gene expression levels (12). However, the interaction of training on different slopes and the use of RJ improved motor balance (12) and decreased gene expression of Aβ and γ-secretase (13) in rats with AD. On the other hand, swimming training (ST) with RJ had no interactive effect on increasing BDNF and NGF in rats with AD (14).…”

The Effect of Eight Weeks of Training on Positive and Negative Slopes with Royal Jelly Consumption on MGMT and ATPase Gene Expression Levels in the Hippocampus Tissue of Trimethyltin-Induced Alzheimer’s Rats

“…Rats with AD were then randomly assigned to six groups, including: The ETPS (+ 15) and ETNS (-15) groups trained for eight weeks, five 60-minute sessions per week at 16 m/min (10). The daily dose of royal jelly prepared by Marvdasht Agricultural Jihad and approved by the experts of this center was 100 mg/kg RJ as peritoneal injection (Hosseini et al n.d. ( 10)).…”

Additive beneficial effects of aerobic training and royal jelly on hippocampal inflammation and function in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis rats

“…However, due to the contradictions in the role of high intensity exercise on oxidative stress and in ammation, it seems that the use of some natural antioxidants along with exercise activities has an enhancing role in treating diseases, or preventing injuries caused by training [23,24]. Among these, royal jelly (RJ), made by bee's submandibular glands, is used in the treatment of some diseases, including autoimmune diseases, due to its anti-in ammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic properties as well as improving metabolism [25].…”