Interannual Variability in Meterrancan Heat and Buoyancy Fluxes

Garrett, Chris; Outerbridge, Richard; Thompson, Keith R.

doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<0900:ivimha>2.0.co;2

Cited by 122 publications

(91 citation statements)

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“…In a Mediterranean modelling perspective, such a positive offset can be corrected by the appropriate choice of a heat flux correction term, as will be shown in what follows. Finally, it is interesting to point out that both data sets (Budyko-Bignami and Kondo-Bignami) have spatial scales comparable with the ones existing in the Garrett and Outerbridge (1993) results (based on COADS data), although these authors arrived at the correct global Mediterranean heat budget by reducing the short-wave radiation by 18%.…”

Section: Net Heat Fluxmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…The calculation of the absorbed solar radiation at the Mediterranean Sea surface is based on the Reed formula (Reed, 1977), as already done in Rosati and Miyakoda, (1988) for the global ocean, Garrett et al (1993) and Castellari et al (1998) for the Mediterranean region:…”

Section: Solar Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study of Castellari et al (1998) has dealt with the similar problem of formulating a calibrated set of heat flux bulk formulae to be used by the Mediterranean basin general circulation models. In the same context, Garrett et al (1993) examined and estimated the Mediterranean heat budget using the COADS (Slutz et al, 1985) 1946-1988 data set. In the latter study, latent and sensible heat fluxes are partially estimated from instantaneous values, while the turbulent exchange coefficients and the long-wave radiation are computed using monthly mean values.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A one-way nested eddy resolving model of the Aegean and Levantine basins: implementation and climatological runs

2003

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Abstract. The present study deals with the implementation of an eddy resolving model of the Levantine and Aegean basins and its one-way nesting with a coarse resolution (1/8 • × 1/8 • ) global Mediterranean general circulation model. The modelling effort is done within the framework of the Mediterranean Forecasting System Pilot Project as an initiative towards real-time forecasting within the eastern Mediterranean region.The performed climatological runs of the nested model have shown very promising results on the ability of the model to capture correctly the complex dynamics of the area and at the same time to demonstrate the skill and robustness of the nesting technique applied.A second aim of this study is to prepare a comprehensive climatological surface boundary conditions data set for the Mediterranean Sea. This data set has been developed within the framework of the same research project and is suitable for use in ocean circulation models of the Mediterranean Sea or parts of it. The computation is based on the ECMWF 6-h atmospheric parameters for the period 1979-1993 and a calibrated set of momentum and heat flux bulk formulae resulted from previous studies for the Mediterranean region.

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Section: Net Heat Fluxmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Solar Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A one-way nested eddy resolving model of the Aegean and Levantine basins: implementation and climatological runs

2003

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“…For these reasons it has often been defined as an ideal test domain for climatic studies (e.g. Garrett et al, 1993). Significant long-term changes of the hydrological characteristics (potential temperature, θ, and salinity, S) have been reported during the last decades (since the 1960s) in both the Western Mediterranean (WMED) and the Eastern Mediterranean (EMED), essentially for the waters formed inside the two basins and found at intermediate and deep levels (the Mediterranean Waters, or MWs), but also for the surface water of Atlantic origin (Atlantic Water, or AW).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term monitoring programme of the hydrological variability in the Mediterranean Sea: a first overview of the HYDROCHANGES network

Schröeder

Millot²,

Bengara³

et al. 2013

Ocean Sci.

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Abstract. The long-term monitoring of basic hydrological parameters (temperature and salinity), collected as time series with adequate temporal resolution (i.e. with a sampling interval allowing the resolution of all important timescales) in key places of the Mediterranean Sea (straits and channels, zones of dense water formation, deep parts of the basins), constitute a priority in the context of global changes. This led CIESM (The Mediterranean Science Commission) to support, since 2002, the HYDROCHANGES programme (www. ciesm.org/marine/programs/hydrochanges.htm), a network of autonomous conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sensors, deployed on mainly short and easily manageable subsurface moorings, within the core of a certain water mass. The HYDROCHANGES strategy is twofold and develops on different scales. To get information about long-term changes of hydrological characteristics, long time series are needed.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. K. Schroeder et al.: Long-term monitoring programme of hydrological variabilityBut before these series are long enough they allow the detection of links between them at shorter timescales that may provide extremely valuable information about the functioning of the Mediterranean Sea. The aim of this paper is to present the history of the programme and the current set-up of the network (monitored sites, involved groups) as well as to provide for the first time an overview of all the time series collected under the HYDROCHANGES umbrella, discussing the results obtained thanks to the programme.

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“…It is subdivided into the western and the eastern Mediterranean subbasins by the straits of Sicily. As an annual mean, the Mediterranean Sea loses buoyancy to the atmosphere through both an excessive evaporation over precipitation (1 m/yr) and a negative heat budget Q t (-7 W/m 2) [Bethoux, 1979;Garrett et al, 1993]. This negative buoyancy budget is compensated through a two-layer lagoonal type circulation at the strait of Gibraltar; warmer (15øC) and freshet (36.2 practical salinity units (psu)) water inflows the basin at surface while colder (13.5øC) and saltier water (38.4 psu) outflows at depth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A high‐resolution three‐dimensional numerical study of intermediate water formation in the Levantine Sea

Lascaratos¹,

Nittis²

1998

J. Geophys. Res.

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Abstract. We use a three-dimensional primitive equation ocean model to study the formation of Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW), the characteristic intermediate water mass of the Mediterranean Sea. The model is forced by atmospheric monthly climatological values and incorporates a realistic air-sea interaction scheme. The cyclonic Rhodes gyre, a permanent general circulation feature of the Levantine basin, is found to be the unique formation site under these mean climatological conditions. The convection event has a duration of 2 months (February-March), and the estimated annual mean formation rate is 1.2 Sv. Using two different horizontal resolutions, an eddy-resolving (5.5 km) and a non-eddy-resolving (11 km) grid, we are able to make comparative experiments on the influence of eddy dynamics on the convection process. The results indicate that baroclinic eddies formed at the periphery of the cyclonic convection area control the formation process through horizontal advection of buoyant water from the periphery toward the center of the gyre. This mechanism reduces the extent and duration of the LIW formation event. The large number of small-scale and mesoscale baroclinic eddies that dominate the flow field at intermediate depths, together with the Asia Minor Current, are responsible for the spreading of the newly formed LIW, mainly in zonal direction.

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Interannual Variability in Meterrancan Heat and Buoyancy Fluxes

Cited by 122 publications

References 0 publications

A one-way nested eddy resolving model of the Aegean and Levantine basins: implementation and climatological runs

A one-way nested eddy resolving model of the Aegean and Levantine basins: implementation and climatological runs

Long-term monitoring programme of the hydrological variability in the Mediterranean Sea: a first overview of the HYDROCHANGES network

A high‐resolution three‐dimensional numerical study of intermediate water formation in the Levantine Sea

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