Intercepting Aliens: Insects and Mites on Budwood Imported to South Africa

Saccaggi, Davina L.; Pieterse, Welma

doi:10.1603/ec12465

Cited by 14 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Propagation material may be sampled and inspected more intensively due to the higher risk of establishment of alien organisms (e.g. more of each import sampled, inspections done microscopically) Liebhold et al 2012;Craemer and Saccaggi 2013;Saccaggi and Pieterse 2013).…”

Section: Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yet many arthropods are both small and cryptic, and are therefore unlikely to be detected in this way. A microscopic inspection can detect smaller insects and mites (Flechtmann 2007;Navia et al 2007;Craemer and Saccaggi 2013;Saccaggi and Pieterse 2013). For small arthropod species, such as eriophyoid mites (85-200 lm), additional washing of samples may be used to improve detection (e.g.…”

Section: Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…''port identifiers'', Lichtenberg et al 2008), but these are more often done by diagnostic laboratory workers, taxonomists, researchers or other scientists (e.g. Saccaggi and Pieterse 2013). In some cases, the border agency employs qualified personnel in taxonomic disciplines, and sometimes the task of identification is outsourced to research institutions or private agencies (e.g.…”

Section: Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most cases, only arthropods known (or suspected) of causing economic losses (e.g. to agriculture or human health) are regulated under international laws (Goka et al 2013;Saccaggi and Pieterse 2013). The discussion in this article will centre on items regulated under the IPPC (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Methods and approaches for the management of arthropod border incursions

et al. 2016

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Biological invasions are increasing and are strongly associated with negative agricultural, economic and ecological impacts. It is increasingly recognized that the primary focus in minimizing biological invasions should be to prevent initial entry of alien species. However, exclusion of terrestrial arthropods such as insects and mites is difficult, in part because of their relatively small size, cryptic habits, broad physiological tolerances and close association with various internationally traded goods. Here we discuss methods, approaches, management and intervention systems used by border biosecurity agencies to prevent entry of inadvertently transported arthropods. We examine the at-border systems that exist for the detection and identification of and response to alien arthropods, and discuss the constraints and challenges present in these systems. We critically review current border biosecurity systems and discuss their relative efficacy. We then discuss additional measures and key areas that could be addressed that may further improve these systems. These include: (1) the application of appropriate sampling strategies; (2) employment of suitable inspection methods adequate to detect small and hidden arthropods; and (3) thorough recording of methods, organisms detected and both negative and positive results of inspections. We emphasize that more pathways of introductions for invasive arthropods. Of critical importance is the compilation of complete and accurate invasive species lists and high-risk species watch-lists. The adoption of these recommendations will contribute to improved biosecurity systems for the exclusion of alien, invasive and pest arthropods.

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Section: Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Methods and approaches for the management of arthropod border incursions

et al. 2016

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“…Finally, the attention of management and policy makers must be drawn to new, inconspicuous pathways that facilitate escapes, e.g. internet and traditional medicine trade (see Martin and Coetzee 2011;Wojtasik 2013 (Saccaggi and Pieterse 2013). Unfortunately the effectiveness of South Africa"s inspection protocols is unknown, and the increasing number of unintentional introductions indicates that quarantine services do not have the resources to properly police ports of entry (Giliomee 2011).…”

Section: Temporal Variations In the Pathways Of Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding and managing the introduction pathways of alien taxa: South Africa as a case study

et al. 2015

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For the effective prevention of biological invasions, the pathways responsible for introductions must be understood and managed. However introduction pathways, particularly for developing nations, However the number of new plant and vertebrate escapes has increased over time. Invertebrates have been deliberately released or unintentionally introduced as contaminants or stowaways. For invertebrates the number of release, contaminant and stowaway introductions has increased, and most contaminants and stowaways have become invasive. As effective screening procedures are in place for invertebrates released for biological control, the major threats for South Africa are from vertebrate and plant escapes and invertebrate contaminants and stowaways. We recommend improvements to risk assessment and education to prevent escapes, and prioritised inspection strategies to reduce stowaway and contaminant introductions. Finally, as introduction pathways and introduced taxa change temporally, biosecurity decisions need to be informed by information on current and future pathways.

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Arthropods on imported plant products: Volumes predict general trends while contextual details enhance predictive power

Saccaggi

Wilson

Robinson

et al. 2022

Ecological Applications

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Agricultural biosecurity interventions are aimed at minimizing introductions of harmful non‐native organisms to new areas via agricultural trade. To prioritize such interventions, historical data on interceptions have been used to elucidate which factors determine the likelihood that a particular import is carrying a harmful organism. Here we use an interception data set of arthropod contaminants recorded on plant imports arriving in South Africa from 2005 to 2019, comprising 13,566 samples inspected for arthropod contaminants, of which 4902 were positive for the presence of at least one arthropod. We tested 29 predictor variables that have previously been used to explain variation in rates of detection and three variables describing possible sources of additional variation and grouped these into six mutually exclusive “factor classes.” We used boosted regression trees as a non‐parametric stochastic machine‐learning method to build models for each factor class and interactions between them. We explored the influence of these variables with data split either randomly or chronologically. While we identified some specific patterns that could be explained post‐hoc by historical events, only inspected volumes were reliably correlated with detection of arthropod contaminants across the whole data set. However, inspected volumes could not predict future interceptions of arthropods, which instead relied on contextual factors such as country, crop or year of import. This suggests that, although certain factors may be important in certain circumstances or for particular crops or commodities, there is little general predictive power in the current data. Instead, an idiographic approach would be most beneficial in biosecurity to ascertain the details of why a particular pest arrived on a particular pathway and how it might move (and be stopped) in future.

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Intercepting Aliens: Insects and Mites on Budwood Imported to South Africa

Cited by 14 publications

References 24 publications

Methods and approaches for the management of arthropod border incursions

Methods and approaches for the management of arthropod border incursions

Understanding and managing the introduction pathways of alien taxa: South Africa as a case study

Arthropods on imported plant products: Volumes predict general trends while contextual details enhance predictive power

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