Intercontinental Spread of Eurasian Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) to Senegal

Lo, Fatou Tall; Zecchin, Bianca; Diallo, Alpha; Racky, O.; Tassoni, Luca; Diop, Aïda; Diouf, Moussa; Diouf, Mayékor; Samb, Y.; Pastori, Ambra; Gobbo, Federica; Ellero, Francesca; Diop, Mariame; Lô, Modou Moustapha; Diouf, Mame Nahé; Fall, Mathioro; Ndiaye, Amadou A.; Gaye, Adji M.; Badiane, Médoune; Lo, Mbargou; Youm, Babacor N; Ndao, I. Malick; Niaga, Marius; Terregino, Calogero; Diop, Boly; Ndiaye, Youssou; Angot, Angélique; Seck, Ismaïla; Niang, Mamadou; Soumare, Baba; Fusaro, Alice; Monne, Isabella

doi:10.3201/eid2801.211401

Cited by 34 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The nucleotide sequence was edited by using the Seqman module of the DNAStar package. The HA gene tree was generated with the HA of 263 H5 viruses bearing clade 2.3.4.4b HA, including 250 viruses (eight H5N6 human viruses, 22 H5N8 representative viruses, and 220 H5N1 representative viruses) reported previously by us and others [ 10 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 22–25 ] and 13 H5N1 viruses detected in China in this study. Phylogeographic analysis was performed using an asymmetric continuous-time Markov chain with Bayesian stochastic search variable selection implemented in BEAST (v1.10.4) [ 26 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global dissemination of H5N1 influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene and biologic analysis of the ones detected in China

Cui

Shi

Wang

et al. 2022

Emerging Microbes & Infections

103

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H5N1 avian influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin gene have been widely circulating in wild birds and are responsible for the loss of over 70 million domestic poultry in Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America since October 2020. During our routine surveillance, 13 H5N1 viruses were isolated from 26,767 wild bird and poultry samples that were collected between September 2021 and March 2022 in China. To investigate the origin of these Chinese isolates and understand their genetic relationship with the globally circulating H5N1 viruses, we performed a detailed phylogenic analysis of 233 representative H5N1 strains that were isolated from 28 countries. We found that, after they emerged in the Netherlands, the H5N1 viruses encountered complicated gene exchange with different viruses circulating in wild birds and formed 16 genotypes. Genotype one (G1) was predominant, being detected in 22 countries, whereas all other genotypes were only detected in one or two continents. H5N1 viruses of four genotypes (G1, G7, G9, and G10) were detected in China; three of these genotypes have been previously reported in other countries. The H5N1 viruses detected in China replicated in mice, with pathogenicity varying among strains; the G1 virus was highly lethal in mice. Moreover, we found that these viruses were antigenically similar to and well matched with the H5-Re14 vaccine strain currently used in China. Our study reveals the overall picture of H5N1 virus evolution and provides insights for the control of these viruses.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global dissemination of H5N1 influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene and biologic analysis of the ones detected in China

Cui

Shi

Wang

et al. 2022

Emerging Microbes & Infections

103

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“…It is important to note that H5 sequences from Senegal and Nigeria (February to March 2021) are in the younger ancestry of this lineage, although its eldest ancestors were detected in Italy in November 2020. Closely related B1 viruses circulated during the winter of 2020 in southeast Europe (as reassortants with an N5 NA partner), and viruses of this lineage were introduced from Europe to western Africa in the winter of 2020 ( 6 ), affecting Nigerian poultry in March 2021 ( Fig. 1 ).…”

Section: Evidence For Local Circulation and Independent New Incursion...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Has Epizootic Become Enzootic? Evidence for a Fundamental Change in the Infection Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Europe, 2021

Pohlmann

King

Fusaro

et al. 2022

mBio

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107

115

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Phylogenetic evidence from the recent resurgence of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b, observed in European wild birds and poultry since October 2021, suggests at least two different and distinct reservoirs. We propose contrasting hypotheses for this emergence: (i) resident viruses have been maintained, presumably in wild birds, in northern Europe throughout the summer of 2021 to cause some of the outbreaks that are part of the most recent autumn/winter 2021 epizootic, or (ii) further virus variants were reintroduced by migratory birds, and these two sources of reintroduction have driven the HPAI resurgence.

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“…Since then, the A(H5N1) of clade 2.3.4.4b has also been identified in several Asian, African and North American countries. In West Africa, an A(H5N1) virus related to the 2020-2021 European viruses was reported in January 2021 (Lo et al, 2022). In December 2021, North America announced the first detection of the A(H5N1) virus strongly related to the A(H5N1) identified in Northern Europe during the 2020-2021 epidemic season (Bevins et al, 2022).…”

Section: Global Overview Of Hpai Viruses Of the A(h5) Subtype Of Clad...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian influenza overview March – June 2022

Adlhoch¹,

Fusaro²,

Gonzáles³

et al. 2022

EFS2

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The 2021–2022 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemic season is the largest epidemic so far observed in Europe, with a total of 2,398 outbreaks in poultry, 46 million birds culled in the affected establishments, 168 detections in captive birds, and 2,733 HPAI events in wild birds in 36 European countries. Between 16 March and 10 June 2022, 1,182 HPAI virus detections were reported in 28 EU/EEA countries and United Kingdom in poultry (750), and in wild (410) and captive birds (22). During this reporting period, 86% of the poultry outbreaks were secondary due to between‐farm spread of HPAI virus. France accounted for 68% of the overall poultry outbreaks, Hungary for 24% and all other affected countries for less than 2% each. Most detections in wild birds were reported by Germany (158), followed by the Netherlands (98) and the United Kingdom (48). The observed persistence of HPAI (H5) virus in wild birds since the 2020–2021 epidemic wave indicates that it may have become endemic in wild bird populations in Europe, implying that the health risk from HPAI A(H5) for poultry, humans, and wildlife in Europe remains present year‐round, with the highest risk in the autumn and winter months. Response options to this new epidemiological situation include the definition and the rapid implementation of suitable and sustainable HPAI mitigation strategies such as appropriate biosecurity measures and surveillance strategies for early detection measures in the different poultry production systems. Medium to long‐term strategies for reducing poultry density in high‐risk areas should also be considered. The results of the genetic analysis indicate that the viruses currently circulating in Europe belong to clade 2.3.4.4b. HPAI A(H5) viruses were also detected in wild mammal species in Canada, USA and Japan, and showed genetic markers of adaptation to replication in mammals. Since the last report, four A(H5N6), two A(H9N2) and two A(H3N8) human infections were reported in China and one A(H5N1) in USA. The risk of infection is assessed as low for the general population in the EU/EEA, and low to medium for occupationally exposed people.

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Intercontinental Spread of Eurasian Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) to Senegal

Cited by 34 publications

References 6 publications

Global dissemination of H5N1 influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene and biologic analysis of the ones detected in China

Global dissemination of H5N1 influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene and biologic analysis of the ones detected in China

Has Epizootic Become Enzootic? Evidence for a Fundamental Change in the Infection Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Europe, 2021

Avian influenza overview March – June 2022

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