Interference colors of thin oxide layers on titanium

Diamanti, Maria Vittoria; Curto, Barbara Del; Pedeferri, MariaPia

doi:10.1002/col.20403

Cited by 156 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Figure 3 shows the colorations of the specimen surfaces after the anodizing procedures due to the interference effect. 27,28 Depending on the anodic voltages, the surface follows a chromatic scale and varies from golden to dark yellow violet color after anodizing at voltages between 10 V and 60 V in the sulfuric acid. For the phosphoric acid, dark golden to pale yellow color are displayed after anodizing from 10 V to 60 V. Figure 4 shows the scanning electron micrographs of the anodic films formed by anodizing at voltages from 10 V to 60 V in the sulfuric and phosphoric acids.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anodic Film Growth of Titanium Oxide Using the 3-Electrode Electrochemical Technique: Effects of Oxygen Evolution and Morphological Characterizations

Liu

Zhong

Walton

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In the present study, potentiodynamic polarization scans followed by potentiostat anodizing tests have been employed to generate the anodic oxide films on commercially pure Ti in 1 M sulfuric acid and 1 M phosphoric acid. The highly stable single-barrier anodic films with a growth ratio of ∼1.5 nm V −1 (sulfuric acid) or ∼1.7 nm V −1 (phosphoric acid) were generated at the anodic voltages from 10 V to 60 V. During the potentiostatic anodizing, the anodic film was formed after the growth of the passive oxide film in the potentiodynamic polarization stage. Oxygen evolution proceeded within both the polarization and the anodizing stages, resulting in the suppression of the current efficiency for the growth of anodic films. The oxygen bubbles were induced by the amorphous-to-crystalline transition within the anodic film, leading to the formation of blister textures. Significant rupture of the anodic film was found that started at 20 V of the anodizing processes in the sulfuric acid; conversely, the significant rupture was started at 50 V in the phosphoric acid. The XRD results indicated that the degree of amorphous-to-crystalline transition in the anodic film formed in the phosphoric acid was less than the film formed in the sulfuric acid. The phosphate titanium oxide layers detected by XPS in the phosphoric acid indicated that more degrees of the amorphous-to-crystalline transition might be inhibited compared with the sulfated titanium oxides found in the sulfuric acid. Titanium can be anodized in acidic and basic solutions under potentiostatic or galvanostatic conditions. In view of the variation of titanium anodizing conditions, it is possible to tailor the anodic film thickness formed on the surface of titanium.1 The coloration of the oxide film produced through anodic oxidation is indicative of the thickness. This relation between color and thickness of the oxide is dependent on the anodizing condition and the nature of the electrolyte. Further, the thickness of the anodic oxide layer has been shown to be a linear function of the applied voltage.2-5 The anodic oxide film on titanium is basically amorphous in crystal structure and morphologically homogeneous.6 Moreover, such an oxide layer provides excellent resistance to corrosion as indicated electrochemically by a low level of electronic conductivity, 7 thermodynamically great stability 8 and low ion-formation tendency in aqueous environments. 9 The growth of the oxide thickness results in systemic changes of the surface topography, particularly in the surface pore configuration, 10 whereas electrolyte derived anion incorporation into oxide films will modify the chemical composition as well as the crystal structure. [11][12][13] It is generally known that titanium behaves as a typical valve metal for which oxide growth involves field-assisted migration of ions through the films and for the thickness to follow Faraday's law. [14][15][16] Further, the growth constant values of the anodic film are variable according to many academics. 17,18 It is reported that a...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anodic Film Growth of Titanium Oxide Using the 3-Electrode Electrochemical Technique: Effects of Oxygen Evolution and Morphological Characterizations

Liu

Zhong

Walton

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…The variation in color depends on the thickness, due to interference phenomena that occurs among the oxide, substrate and visible light [35,36]. [25] and Lee et al [26] reported the dependence of the layer's surface morphology on the electrolyte composition.…”

Section: Characterization Of Titanium Oxide Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Osseointegration improvement by plasma electrolytic oxidation of modified titanium alloys surfaces

Echeverry‐Rendón

Galvis

Giraldo

et al. 2015

J Mater Sci: Mater Med

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Titanium (Ti) is a material frequently used in orthopedic applications, due to its good mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance. However, formation of a non-adherent fibrous tissue between material and bone drastically could affect the osseointegration process and, therefore, the mechanical stability of the implant. Modifications of topography and configuration of the tissue/ material interface is one of the mechanisms to improve that process by manipulating parameters such as morphology and roughness. There are different techniques that can be used to modify the titanium surface; plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is one of those alternatives, which consists of obtaining porous anodic coatings by controlling parameters such as voltage, current, anodizing solution and time of the reaction. From all of the above factors, and based on previous studies that demonstrated that bone cells sense substrates features to grow new tissue, in this work commercially pure Ti (c.p Ti) and Ti6Al4V alloy samples were modified at their surface by PEO in different anodizing solutions composed of H2SO4 and H3PO4 mixtures. Treated surfaces were characterized and used as platforms to grow osteoblasts; subsequently, cell behavior parameters like adhesion, proliferation and differentiation were also studied. Although the results showed no significant differences in proliferation, differentiation and cell biological activity, overall results showed an important influence of topography of the modified surfaces compared with polished untreated surfaces. Finally, this study offers an alternative protocol to modify surfaces of Ti and their alloys in a controlled and reproducible way in which biocompatibility of the material is not compromised and osseointegration would be improved.

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“…2c) at high voltage (90 V) for both untreated Ti foil 35,39 and polished substrate. For the latter, the higher quantity of energy required during anodizing (as proved by the higher currents circulated in the cell, Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key Oxidation Parameters that Influence Photo-Induced Properties and Applications of Anodic Titanium Oxides

Piazza

Mazare

Diamanti

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In the present work we investigate compact anodic oxides formed on titanium by a broad range of anodizing parameters (electrolyte, applied voltage, substrate pre-treatment) and their influence on the performance of such oxides in photocurrent response and photocatalytic properties (photodegradation of AO7). In general, crystallinity and ion inclusion from the electrolyte are crucial. As-grown compact layers of partial crystallinity show increased efficiencies in both applications; interestingly, phosphate ions have a detrimental effect, whereas sulfate ions do not. After thermal annealing (crystallization) the photoresponse significantly increases: except for a crystallization of the anodic layer, annealing causes a rutile oxide layer growth at the oxide/metal interface -this is found to additionally affect the photoresponse. Results overall demonstrate that higher anodization voltage, exclusion of phosphates from the electrolyte, substrate pre-treatment and annealing are of major importance for achieving an enhanced photoresponse on compact anodic layers.

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Interference colors of thin oxide layers on titanium

Cited by 156 publications

References 11 publications

Anodic Film Growth of Titanium Oxide Using the 3-Electrode Electrochemical Technique: Effects of Oxygen Evolution and Morphological Characterizations

Anodic Film Growth of Titanium Oxide Using the 3-Electrode Electrochemical Technique: Effects of Oxygen Evolution and Morphological Characterizations

Osseointegration improvement by plasma electrolytic oxidation of modified titanium alloys surfaces

Key Oxidation Parameters that Influence Photo-Induced Properties and Applications of Anodic Titanium Oxides

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