Interferon Action against Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3: Involvement of a Novel Antiviral Pathway in the Inhibition of Transcription

Enhanced Surfactant Protein and Defensin mRNA Levels and Reduced Viral Replication during Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Pneumonia in Neonatal Lambs

“…Furthermore, there is strong evidence that Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in the innate response to other paramyxoviruses (RSV) (26) and that it can be activated by murine beta-defensin 2 (5). In addition, SBD-1, SP-A, and SP-D may also affect interferon activity in order to enhance antiviral activity (11). The mechanism of direct antiviral activity by SBD-1 may be through its ability to induce pore formation in the PI-3 viral envelope; however, this remains to be determined.…”

Activation of mast cells by double-stranded RNA: evidence for activation through Toll-like receptor 3

“…Our study suggests that MCs may also activate nearby cells to inhibit viral infection, because IFN-a activates various antiviral pathways 26 and greatly reduces virus replication. 27,28 Reovirus, influenza, and RSV have dsRNA, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), and ssRNA genomes, respectively, and may activate IFN-a production by their dsRNA (via TLR-3 or PKR), ssRNA (via TLR7 or BMMCs from wild-type and TLR-3 knockout mice were stimulated with polyI:C (B), LPS (C), and antigen (D) for 24 hours, and IFN-a or TNF was measured in supernatants with ELISA (n = 3 mice). untr, Untreated.…”

Influenza, Immune System, and Pregnancy

“…75 On recognition of viral components, PRRs initiate production of a variety of cytokines, mainly type-1 INFs (IFN-b and -a), and induce innate and adaptive immune responses. 40,42,43,46,76,77 It has been shown that type-3 IFNs, which include IFN-l, contribute to the initial immune response to a viral respiratory infection. 78 Type-1 IFNs induce maturation of DCs by increasing expression of costimulatory molecules such as CD80, CD86, and CD40 as well as antigen presentation through major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I.…”