Interferon gamma and interleukin 4 stimulate prolonged expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in human airway epithelium through synthesis of soluble mediators.

Guo, Fuhua H.; Uetani, Kohsaku; Haque, S. Jaharul; Williams, Bryan R.G.; Dweik, Raed A.; Thunnissen, Erik; Calhoun, William J.; Erzurum, Serpil C.

doi:10.1172/jci119598

Cited by 167 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…A549 cells were cultured in DMEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) plus 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 50 U/mL penicillin, and 50 lg/mL streptomycin [58]. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells (RIKEN BioResource Center) were grown in Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM) (Invitrogen) with 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 50 U/mL penicillin, and 50 lg/mL streptomycin.…”

Section: Cell Cultures and Ifnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza A virus abrogates IFN‐γ response in respiratory epithelial cells by disruption of the Jak/Stat pathway

et al. 2008

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The innate immunity to viral infections induces a potent antiviral response mediated by interferons (IFN). Although IFN-c is detected during the acute stages of illness in the upper respiratory tract secretions and in the serum of influenza A virus-infected individuals, control of influenza A virus is not dependent upon IFN-c as evidenced by studies using anti-IFN-c Ab and IFN-c -/-mice. Thus, we hypothesized that IFN-c is not critical in host survival because influenza A virus has mechanisms to evade the antiviral activity of IFN-c. To test this, A549 cells, an epithelial cell line derived from lung adenocarcinoma, were infected with influenza virus strain A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) (Aichi) and/or stimulated with IFN-c to detect IFN-c-stimulated MHC class II expression. Influenza A virus infection inhibited IFN-c-induced up-regulation of HLA-DRa mRNA and the IFN-c induction of class II transactivator (CIITA), an obligate mediator of MHC class II expression. Nuclear translocation of Stat1a upon IFN-c stimulation was significantly inhibited in influenza A virus-infected cells and this was associated with a decrease in Tyr701 and Ser727 phosphorylation of Stat1a. Thus, influenza A virus subverts antiviral host defense mediated by IFN-c through effects on the intracellular signaling pathways. IntroductionInfluenza A viruses are negative-strand RNA viruses that have a segmented genome with a coding capacity for 11 polypeptides. The virus genome is composed of eight different RNA segments, which are tightly associated with the viral nucleoprotein and polymerases in ribonucleoprotein complexes [1]. Influenza A viruses, causing acute infections, continuously escape from recognition by virus neutralizing Ab as a result of accumulation of mutations in their surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (antigenic drift) or by introduction of new subtypes of these glycoproteins (antigenic shift) [2,3]. Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus infections in poultry and in humans have raised concerns that a new influenza pandemic will occur in the near future [4]. Thus, prediction of the severity of continuously emerging human influenza virus strains remains a high public health priority, but it is limited by our incomplete understanding of the molecular determinants of pathogenicity in this disease. Although factors dictating the severity of virus disease are complex, interaction between inherent viral properties and host cellular response ultimately determines disease outcome. The first site of viral contact with the host and main target of infection and inflammation is the airway mucosal epithelium. Epithelial cells at the airway mucosal surface have a variety of inflammatory and immune defense mechanisms to deal with virus, including Eur. J. Immunol. 2008. 38: 1559-1573 Immunity to infection expression of cytokines with chemoattractant and proinflammatory functions [5], intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) [6], IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) [7], nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) [8], and MHC ...

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Section: Cell Cultures and Ifnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza A virus abrogates IFN‐γ response in respiratory epithelial cells by disruption of the Jak/Stat pathway

et al. 2008

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“…ing exposure to nitrating oxidants such as peroxynitrite/ peroxycarboxynitrite or peroxidase-mediated reactive nitrogen species. 14,37 Although the oxidative modifications monitored only represent a subfraction of total oxidative insults experienced by epithelial cell MnSOD within asthmatic airways, the quantification of this diverse array of distinct oxidative modifications provides insight into the potential degree of SOD functional impairment from oxidative processes. Given that there are 10 tyrosine residues per monomer and 4 monomers form an active Mn-SOD tetramer, if modification of only 1 tyrosine per MnSOD tetramer is sufficient to affect activity, then the observed cumulative modification burden of 1.13 to 1.73 mmol/mol tyrosine in isolated MnSOD predicts up to a 6% loss of MnSOD activity in these mild asthmatics.…”

Section: Nitration and Oxidation Of Mnsod In Asthmatic Airway Epithelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Superoxide Dismutase Inactivation in Pathophysiology of Asthmatic Airway Remodeling and Reactivity

Comhair

Ghosh

et al. 2005

The American Journal of Pathology

175

149

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Airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling are defining features of asthma. We hypothesized that impaired superoxide dismutase (SOD) antioxidant defense is a primary event in the pathophysiology of hyperresponsiveness and remodeling that induces apoptosis and shedding of airway epithelial cells. Mechanisms leading to apoptosis were studied in vivo and in vitro. Asthmatic lungs had increased apoptotic epithelial cells compared to controls as determined by terminal dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells. Apoptosis was confirmed by the finding that caspase-9 and -3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase were cleaved. On the basis that SOD inactivation triggers cell death and low SOD levels occur in asthma, we tested whether SOD inactivation plays a role in airway epithelial cell death. SOD inhibition increased cell death and cleavage/activation of caspases in bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Asthma is commonly diagnosed using physiological measures, but alterations in airway structure are the defining features of asthma. Damage to airway epithelium, eosinophil infiltration, smooth muscle hyperplasia, thickening and aberrant collagen, and protein composition of the basement membrane are well established elements of the asthmatic airway. 1,2 The injury to the bronchial epithelium in asthma is marked by loss of columnar epithelial cells. Extensive loss of cells and denuded basement membrane with few basal cells remaining on the airway surface are noted in severe asthma, but shedding of airway epithelium is present even in clinically mild asthma. 2,3 Physical loss of epithelial lining cells is considered one proximate cause of the airway hyperresponsiveness to inhaled mediators, and has been speculated to contribute to asthmatic airway remodeling, in particular abnormal collagen synthesis. Evidence from organ culture systems supports the concept of an epithelial-mesenchymal unit in which loss of epithelium leads to mucosal myofibroblast and fibroblast proliferation, and collagen deposition. 2,4 -6 Thus, if the epithelial injury and loss could be understood and prevented in asthma, the clinical symptoms of airway hyperresponsiveness and long-term progressive sequelae in the airways, which contribute to fixed airflow limitation, might be prevented.Several reports have proposed that loss of epithelial cells is because of apoptosis based on immunostaining for the proteins that regulate apoptosis, or by detection of DNA strand breaks by immunostaining with the terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. 7-11 However, not all reports have confirmed increased TUNEL positivity in airways. 9 Furthermore, if airway epithelial cells are undergoing increased cell death, it is unclear whether this is because of an inherent cell defect or a response to the asthmatic airway environment. Although nonspecific events related to increased levels of reactive oxygen and

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“…Primary cultures of passage 0 -2 were used in experiments. The epithelial nature of primary and cultured cells was confirmed by immunocytochemical staining as previously described (23). A549 cells, an epithelial cell line derived from lung adenocarcinoma (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA), were cultured in MEM (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) with 10% FCS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 50 U/ml penicillin, and 50 g/ml streptomycin (23).…”

Section: Cell Culture and Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Central Role of Double-Stranded RNA-Activated Protein Kinase in Microbial Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase

Uetani

Der

Zamanian-Daryoush

et al. 2000

The Journal of Immunology

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NO synthase 2 (NOS2) is induced in airway epithelium by influenza virus infection. NOS2 induction late in the course of viral infection may occur in response to IFN-γ, but early in infection gene expression may be induced by the viral replicative intermediate dsRNA through the dsRNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). Since PKR activates signaling pathways important in NOS2 gene induction, we determined whether PKR is a component in the signal transduction pathway leading to NOS2 gene expression after viral infection of airway epithelium. We show that NOS2 gene expression in human airway epithelial cells occurs in response to influenza A virus or synthetic dsRNA. Furthermore, dsRNA leads to rapid activation of PKR, followed by activation of signaling components including NF-κB and IFN regulatory factor 1. NOS2 expression is markedly diminished and IFN regulatory factor 1 and NF-κB activation are substantially impaired in PKR null cells. Strikingly, NOS2 induction in response to LPS is abolished in PKR null cells, confirming a central role for PKR in the general signaling pathway to NOS2.

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Interferon gamma and interleukin 4 stimulate prolonged expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in human airway epithelium through synthesis of soluble mediators.

Abstract: Human respiratory epithelium expresses inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) continuously in vivo, however mechanisms responsible for maintenance of expression are not known. We show that IFN ␥ is sufficient for induction of iNOS in primary human airway epithelial cells (

Cited by 167 publications

References 54 publications

Influenza A virus abrogates IFN‐γ response in respiratory epithelial cells by disruption of the Jak/Stat pathway

Influenza A virus abrogates IFN‐γ response in respiratory epithelial cells by disruption of the Jak/Stat pathway

Superoxide Dismutase Inactivation in Pathophysiology of Asthmatic Airway Remodeling and Reactivity

Central Role of Double-Stranded RNA-Activated Protein Kinase in Microbial Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase

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