“…In previous studies, we introduced the pulA gene into Escherichia coli by in vivo or in vitro genetic manipulation. 6,7) When pulA was introduced into E. coli by in vivo manipulation with RP4::Mucts, the level of pullulanase activity was low. The pullulanase was associated with the membrane, and was not released into the culture broth in the Pul + E. coli.…”