Interleukin‐27: A master regulator in inflammation

Cytokines in immune-mediated inflammatory myopathies: cellular sources, multiple actions and therapeutic implications

“…Furthermore, a number of pathways not activated by the individual cytokines alone were activated in the presence of the combined cytokines [52,53]. This highlights the importance of investigating combination therapies or developing therapeutic strategies that will modulate multiple inflammatory pathways in the treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases [47,54].…”

“…However, increasing evidence demonstrates that a number of proinflammatory cytokines can have both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on immune cells, a phenomenon dependent upon the concentration of cytokine present, the local immune milieu and the influence of other interacting cells and molecules [15,47]. A key example of this is transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, previously only considered to be an immune suppressor cytokine because of its role in the development and differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs).…”

“…Since then, intensive research efforts have been focused on key cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-17 and the targeting of these molecules therapeutically in a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases [15,48]. It is being increasingly recognized that cytokines do not act in isolation, but function within a milieu of multiple cytokines with the ability to synergize with or antagonize one another's functional capacity [47,51]. For example, in-vitro studies examining the combined effects of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-17 demonstrated enhanced activation of inflammatory signalling pathways in comparison to the individual cytokines alone.…”

A Cytokine-Centric View of the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Autoimmune Arthritis

“…Mice deficient in IL-27R were protected from arthritis development. Unraveling the precise reasons underlying the conflicting role of IL-27 in arthritis pathogenesis would require further investigations (Fearon 2011).…”

Interleukin‐27 in rheumatic diseases: Friend or foe? Comment on the article by Pickens et al

“…Consistent with these findings, anti-IL-27 antibody treatment or IL-27 receptor knockout has been found to suppress ongoing severe inflammation and proinflammatory cytokine production in AIA (5). Moreover, recently published data suggested that IL-27 could stimulate other nonimmune cell targets, such as fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), in the joints and induce the expression of adhesion molecules on the cell surface of FLS and the release of chemokines and MMP-1 in RA FLS (6,7).…”