Internal and External Demands in Basketball Referees during the U-16 European Women’s Championship

Abstract

(1) Background: The use of advanced technology to study the energy demands of sport participants during actual sport competition is an important current research direction. The purpose of this study was to identify the physiological, internal, and external demands placed on basketball referees using ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, in relation to the period of the game. (2) Methods: The sample was comprised of nine international referees, and the data collection took place during the Women’s EuroBasket Sub-16 championship. Internal and external load were assessed through the inertial device WIMU PROTM, using UWB technology in order to quantify the effort exerted by each referee. The internal load was examined in relation to each individual’s heart rate (HR). The external load included the kinematic variables accelerations (Acc), decelerations (Dec), Acc/min, Dec/min, distance covered, steps, maximum speed (Vmax), average speed (Vavg), and speed zones, as well as the neuromuscular variables impacts (Imp), PlayerLoadTM (PLTM), PLTM/min, Metabolic Power (PMet), and PMet/min. (3) Results: The results exposed that referees work around 62% HRmax and spend more than 80% of the match at intensities between 0–12 km/h. The first period was the period in which the greatest work demand was experienced in relation to these neuromuscular outcomes (11.92 PL; 3.61 Met; 277 Impacts). The results revealed a diminishment of internal and external demands on the referees over the course of the game. (4) Conclusions: The results highlight the importance of monitoring and quantifying the workload of basketball officials, because doing so would allow for the establishment of individualized performance profiles that could be designed with the purpose of benefiting referee performance during games. The use of inertial devices allows for the objective quantification of referee workload under competitive circumstances.

Application of the video-tutorial "Challenge for Referees" in sports training of young basketball referees for the game season

“…This hypothesis was fully confirmed. The results obtained agree with the studies that the degree of general preparedness of the arbiters is determined by the level of physical fitness, the level of theoretical training, the level of psychological training, the level of practical training, personal characteristics (type of temperament) [16][17][18]. The research showed that the results of testing physical and functional readiness among the referees of the experimental group increased.…”

Local Positioning System Analysis of Physical Demands during Official Matches in the Spanish Futsal League

“…The Local Positioning System was installed on the futsal pitch where the team played their matches in concordance to user manual and previous studies [10,23]. The distribution of six antennas ( Figure 1) with UWB technology were fixed 5 m from the perimeter line of the field, except for those located at the middle line of the field, which were fixed 7 m from the perimeter.…”

“…The reference system is composed of six antennas that are transmitters and receivers of the radio frequency signal. The antennas (mainly the master antenna) perform the computerizing of the position of the devices that are in their area of performance, while the devices receive that calculation [ 10 ], the radio frequency signal is almost under the same principle as the GPS system [ 22 , 23 ]. The validity and accuracy of this type of LPS has been demonstrated exposed in reference to determining distance covered, speed, mean velocity, accelerations and decelerations for intermittent activities [ 10 , 11 , 13 , 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”

“…Each dispositive has its own internal microprocessor, with a high-speed USB interface, to record, store and upload data [10]. The dispositives are composed of different sensors (four accelerometers, a gyroscope, a magnetometer, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), and an UWB chipset with a frequency for the chip's signal of 18 Hz [22,23]. The reference system is composed of six antennas that are transmitters and receivers of the radio frequency signal.…”

Performance Parameters in Competitive Alpine Skiing Disciplines of Slalom, Giant Slalom and Super-Giant Slalom

“…This value represents the sum of the vector of G-forces the skier experienced in the vertical, antero-posterior, and medio-lateral axes. The impact value was registered when the G-forces of the movement exceeded 5 g [ 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”