“…In the realm of international business, trade policies and strategies hold immense significance. The earlier review studies have been conducted on vertical alliances and international intermediaries (Virtanen et al., 2022; Zahoor et al., 2023); cooperation among industries, organizations, universities, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and so forth (Castañer, 2020; Moirano et al., 2020; Pereira & Franco, 2022), but studies on the strategic significance of international trade and international cooperation remain scarce. Most of the export competition literature is confined to SMEs and micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) (Fabrizio et al., 2022; Hurley, 2018) but overall export competitiveness among nations has not been the subject of a SLR.…”