1 -The recent availability of min counting pixels in standard CMOS processes has the introduction of photon counting in low-c cameras, robotics vision, mobile phones, and con In this paper we describe the technology at revolution: single-photon avalanche diodes ( architectures enabling SPAD based image sen tradeoffs and design trends, often referring to sp and applications.
Single-Photon Avalanche DiodesMiniaturized, solid-state photon counti applications, such as positron emission tom LIDAR, fluorescence imaging, quantum key wherever single-photon sensitivity and high of-arrival detection is critical. Photon c achieved in CMOS since 2003, thanks to t Geiger mode APD or single-photon avalanch in a high voltage 0.8µm-process [1]. A SPA reverse-biased diode junction operating abov so-called Geiger mode (Fig. 1).