2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 STUDY AREA 2.2.1 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY 2.2.2 CLIMATE v 2.2.3 VEGETATION 2.2.4 LAND USE 2.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 2.3.1 CORING, RADIOCARBON DATING AND AGE-DEPTH-MODELING 2.3.2 PALYNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 2.3.3 MICRO-CHARCOAL ANALYSIS 2.3.4 DATA ANALYSIS 2.4 RESULTS 2.4.1 DESCRIPTION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE CORE 2.4.2 RADIOCARBON DATING AND SEDIMENTATION RATES 2.4.3 PALYNOLOGICAL AND CHARCOAL RESULTS 2.4.3.2. POLLEN ZONE P-II (285-132,5 CM; 19 SAMPLES; 2,150-450 CAL YR BP) 2.4.3.3. POLLEN ZONE P-III (132.5-70 CM; 13 SAMPLES; 450-150 CAL YR BP) 2.4.4 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA) 2.5 ENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION AND DISCUSSION 2.5.1 LATE HOLOCENE BETWEEN 2800 -2150 CAL YR BP (POLLEN ZONE P-I) 2.5.2 LATE HOLOCENE BETWEEN 2150-450 CAL YR BP (POLLEN ZONE P-II) 2.5.3 LATE HOLOCENE BETWEEN 450-150 CAL YR BP (POLLEN ZONE P-III) 2.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION CHAPTER 3 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 STUDY AREA 3.2.1 LOCATION AND GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.2.2 CLIMATE 3.2.3 MODERN VEGETATION vi 3.2.4 HUMAN IMPACT
MATERIAL AND METHODS
RADIOCARBONDATING AND AGE-DEPTH MODEL 3.3.2 QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BY XRF-SCANNING AND LOI EVALUATION 3.3.3 MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION BY XRPD 3.3.4 PALYNOLOGICAL AND MACRO-CHARCOAL ANALYSIS 3.3.5 DATA ANALYSIS 3.4 RESULTS 3.4.1 SEDIMENTOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CORE 3.4.2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND LOI 3.4.3 MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION 3.4.4 DESCRIPTION OF POLLEN, SPORE, AND CHARCOAL DATA 3.4.5 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA) 3.5 INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION 3.5.1 MID-HOLOCENE PERIOD FROM 7520-6230 CAL YR BP (POLLEN ZONE LF-I) 3.5.2 MID-HOLOCENE PERIOD FROM 6230-5020 CAL YR BP (POLLEN ZONE LF-II) 3.5.3 MID-TO LATE HOLOCENE PERIOD FROM 5020-2580 CAL YR BP (POLLEN ZONE LF-IIIA) 3.5.4 LATE HOLOCENE PERIOD FROM 2580-1350 CAL YR BP (POLLEN ZONE LF-IIIB) 3.5.5 LATE HOLOCENE PERIOD FROM 1350 CAL YR BP -PRESENT (POLLEN ZONE LF-IIIC) 3.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION CHAPTER 4 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 REGIONAL SETTING 4.2.1 LOCATION AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.2.2 CLIMATE vii 4.2.3 MODERN VEGETATION 4.2.4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND SETTLEMENT HISTORY 4.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 4.3.1 RADIOCARBON DATING AND AGE-DEPTH MODEL 4.3.2 MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS BY X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION 4.3.3 MICROMORPHOLOGICAL AND SPOT CHEMICAL ANALYZES BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM) 4.3.4 WHOLE ROCK CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 4.3.5 PALYNOLOGY 4.3.6 MACRO-CHARCOAL ANALYSIS 4.3.7 GEOLOGICAL AND VEGETATIONAL MAPS AND DATA ANALYSIS 4.4 RESULTS 4.4.1 SEDIMENTOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CORE 4.4.2 RADIOCARBON DATING AND SEDIMENTATION RATES 4.4.3 MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION 4.5 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 4.5.1 PALYNOLOGICAL AND CHARCOAL DESCRIPTION 4.5.2 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA) 4.6 DISCUSSION 4.6.1 MID-HOLOCENE PERIOD FROM 7915 TO 7500 CAL YR BP (POLLEN ZONE C-I) 4.6.2 MID-TO LATE HOLOCENE PERIOD FROM 7500 TO 1800 CAL YR BP (POLLEN ZONE C-IIA) 4.6.3 LATE HOLOCENE PERIOD FROM 1800 TO PRESENT (POLLEN ZONE C-IIB) 4.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CHAPTER 5 SYNTHESIS viii 5.1 SEA-LEVEL OSCILLATIONS AND MANGROVES DYNAMI...