Interxylary phloem and xylem rays are the structural foundation of agarwood resin formation in the stems of Aquilaria sinensis

Liu, Peiwei; Zhang, Xingli; Yang, Yun; Sui, Chun; Xu, Yunyuan; Wei, Jianhe

doi:10.1007/s00468-018-1799-4

Cited by 39 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…One of the most obvious features in SGS was that the included phloem tended to connect with each other and their shapes were more irregular than that of SNS ( Figs. 4A and 4E ) which was typical island-shaped ( Liu et al, 2018 ). In addition, the area, length and width of included phloem of SNS were all greater than that of SGS ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative anatomical and transcriptomic analyses of the color variation of leaves in Aquilaria sinensis

Gao

Chen

Jiang

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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Color variation in plant tissues is a common phenomenon accompanied with a series of biological changes. In this study, a special-phenotype Aquilaria sinensis (GS) with color variation of leaf was firstly reported, and DNA barcode sequences showed GS samples could not be discriminated clearly with the normal A. sinensis sample (NS), which suggested that the variety was not the cause of the GS formation. To reveal the characteristics of GS compared to NS, the anatomical and transcriptome sequencing studies were carried out. In microscopic observation, the leaves of golden-vein-leaf sample (LGS) and normal-vein-leaf sample (LNS) showed significant differences including the area of the included phloem in midrib and the thickness parameters of palisade and spongy tissues; the stems of golden-vein-leaf sample (SGS) and normal-vein-leaf sample (SNS) were also different in many aspects such as the area of vessels and included phloem. In addition, the structure of chloroplast was more complete in the midrib of LNS than that of LGS, and some particles suspected as virus were found through transmission electron microscope as well. Genes upregulated in LGS in contrast with LNS were mainly enriched in photosynthesis. As for stems, most of the genes upregulated in SGS compared to SNS were involved in translation and metabolism processes. The pathways about photosynthesis and chlorophyll metabolism as well as some important transcription factors may explain the molecular mechanism of the unique phenotypes of leaves and the genes related to suberin biosynthesis may result in the difference of stems. In addition, the genes about defense response especially biotic stress associated with numerous pathogenesis-related (PR) genes upregulated in LGS compared to LNS indicated that the pathogen may be the internal factor. Taken together, our results reveal the macro- and micro-phenotype variations as well as gene expression profiles between GS and NS, which could provide valuable clues for elucidating the mechanism of the color variation of Aquilaria.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stem is the fundamental source part of A. sinensis to acquire agarwood resin the precious product ( Liu et al, 2018 ). As shown in Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative anatomical and transcriptomic analyses of the color variation of leaves in Aquilaria sinensis

Gao

Chen

Jiang

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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“…3). This interxylary phloem is believed to be essential for the accumulation of resins in agarwood (Liu et al 2019). The presence of sesquiterpenes in the wood was also shown by staining with neutral red.…”

Section: Microscopic Analysis Of Resinous Wood In G Versteegiimentioning

confidence: 95%

Fusarium solani induces the formation of agarwood in Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke branches

et al. 2020

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Agarwood is a resinous wood produced by some members of plant family Thymelaeaceae under certain conditions. Agarwood is highly prized, but its formation requires a long-time process in nature. Therefore, various induction techniques have been explored to hasten the process. In this study, we induced agarwood in Gyrinops versteegii, one of the most abundant agarwood-producing trees in Indonesia. We used 12 trees and wounded four branches on each tree through an injection process. We used two strains of the endophytic fungi Fusarium solani isolated from Gorontalo and Jambi Provinces. After 3 months, the inoculated wood had an extensive resinous zone, when compared to wounded control wood. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the inoculated samples revealed the presence of several sesquiterpenes characteristic of agarwood. These included alloaromadendrene, β-eudesmol and β-selinene as well as the chromone derivatives 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromen-4-one, 6-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromen-4-one, and 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromen-4-one. We conclude that this method successfully induced agarwood to form in a matter of months and could be used to enhance the success of agarwood cultivation.

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“…The phylogenetic tree that constructed by ITS2þmatK combination has clearly branched out A. sinensis and A. yunnanensis (Figures 3-6), showing their distant genetic relationship, which is speculated to have resulted from geographical isolation. At present, the research of A. sinensis has involved molecular, genetic, microscopic, chemical and aromatic aspects (Liu Y et al 2013;Liu P et al 2019;Sun et al 2020;Wang J et al 2019;Wang Z et al 2020). A. sinensis is a unique source of domestic agarwood according to Chinese Pharmacopeia (Committee SP 2020).…”

Section: Morphological Difference and Study Progress Of A Sinensis And A Yunnanensismentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular identification of Aquilaria species with distribution records in China using DNA barcode technology

Kang

2021

Mitochondrial DNA Part B

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Aquilaria species is one of the main plant resources that produce agarwood, which containing black resin with important economic and medicinal values. There are about 15 species known to the genus around the world, but only two can be found in China, i.e. A. sinensis and A. yunnanensis. In this study, A. sinensis and A. yunnanensis that endemic respectively to Hainan and Yunnan were sampled, on the basis of the investigation and observation of their main morphological features in plantation. Five primers, i.e. ITS2, matK, trnL-trnF1, trnL-trnF2, and trnH-psbA, were eventually selected for DNA barcoding. The results showed that the seed surface of A. sinensis is smooth or sparsely pubescent, and the seed appendages were long. While the seed surface of A. yunnanensis is densely covered with yellow hairs and the seed appendages are short. The trnL-trnF1 sequence fragment has significant intraspecific and interspecific genetic distances. However, the species identification success rate of ITS2þmatK combination was finally screened to be the highest, which was verified by the BBA method of TaxonDNA. The phylogenetic trees cluster analysis revealed that the classification of A. sinensis and A. yunnanensis is significant, and there is geographic isolation between the two species. Therefore, on the premise of accurate identification of plant morphological characters, ITS2þmatK combination can be used to accurately identify the Aquilaria species in China.

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Interxylary phloem and xylem rays are the structural foundation of agarwood resin formation in the stems of Aquilaria sinensis

Cited by 39 publications

References 11 publications

Comparative anatomical and transcriptomic analyses of the color variation of leaves in Aquilaria sinensis

Comparative anatomical and transcriptomic analyses of the color variation of leaves in Aquilaria sinensis

Fusarium solani induces the formation of agarwood in Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke branches

Molecular identification of Aquilaria species with distribution records in China using DNA barcode technology

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