Intestinal first pass metabolism of amygdalin in the rat in vitro

Strugala, Gerhard; Rauws, A. G.; Elbers, Rembert

doi:10.1016/0006-2952(86)90580-0

Cited by 29 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This study implies that the absorption of intact amygdalin in the gastrointestinal tract is rather limited, but part of the amygdalin appears to be hydrolysed to prunasin in the intestine. In support of this notion, an in vitro study using isolated perfused segments of rat small intestine showed an appreciable hydrolysis of amygdalin to prunasin in the proximal jejunum (Strugala et al., ). There were no indications of the further metabolism of prunasin to benzaldehyde.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 92%

Acute health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in raw apricot kernels and products derived from raw apricot kernels

Alexander

Barregård²,

Bignami³

et al. 2016

EFS2

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Amygdalin is the major cyanogenic glycoside present in apricot kernels and is degraded to cyanide by chewing or grinding. Cyanide is of high acute toxicity in humans. The lethal dose is reported to be 0.5-3.5 mg/kg body weight (bw). An acute reference dose (ARfD) of 20 lg/kg bw was derived from an exposure of 0.105 mg/kg bw associated with a non-toxic blood cyanide level of 20 micro mol (lM), and applying an uncertainty factor of 1.5 to account for toxicokinetic and of 3.16 to account for toxicodynamic inter-individual differences. In the absence of consumption data and thus using highest intakes of kernels promoted (10 and 60 kernels/day for the general population and cancer patients, respectively), exposures exceeded the ARfD 17-413 and 3-71 times in toddlers and adults, respectively. The estimated maximum quantity of apricot kernels (or raw apricot material) that can be consumed without exceeding the ARfD is 0.06 and 0.37 g in toddlers and adults, respectively. Thus the ARfD would be exceeded already by consumption of one small kernel in toddlers, while adults could consume three small kernels. However, consumption of less than half of a large kernel could already exceed the ARfD in adults.

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Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 92%

Acute health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in raw apricot kernels and products derived from raw apricot kernels

Alexander

Barregård²,

Bignami³

et al. 2016

EFS2

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“…ansu Maxim, Prunus sibirica L., Prunus mandshurica (Maxim) Koehne and P. armeniaca L., has been widely used to treat asthma, aplastic anemia and tumors in oriental medicine [2]. Based on current knowledge, few studies about the major metabolites of amygdalin have been reported [3][4][5]. So the metabolic study of amygdalin will be playing an important role of demonstrating the in vivo process and its clinical application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of amygdalin and its major metabolites in rat urine by LC–MS/MS

Chen

Han

et al. 2007

Journal of Chromatography B

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“…Barceloux (4) insan bağırsaklarındaki bazı bakterilerin, amigdalinin hidrolizasyonunu sağlayan enzimlere sahip oldukları için bitkisel kaynaklı enzimlerin yokluğunda bile amigdalinden toksik HCN üretiminin söz konusu olduğunu belirtmiştir. Antibiyotik uygulamasıyla bağırsak florasının önemli ölçüde imha edilmesi durumunda amigdalinin benzaldehit ve siyanüre parçalanmasının önemli ölçüde engellenmesi nedeniyle amigdalinin metabolize edilmesinde bağırsak bakterilerinden ileri gelen enzimlerin önemli rol oynadığı belirtilmiştir [36].…”

Section: Amigdalinin Parçalanmasıunclassified

Ami̇gdali̇n Ve Özelli̇kleri̇

Çelik¹,

Yildirim²

2017

Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi

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ÖZDoğada en çok karşılaşılan siyanojenik glikozit olan amigdalin kayısı, badem, kiraz, elma, erik, armut ve şeftali gibi meyvelerin çekirdeklerinde bulunur. Amigdalin, D(-)-mandelonitril-β-D-gentiobiyozit, D(-)-amigdalin, R-amigdalin, laetril ve vitamin B 17 gibi isimlerle de anılmaktadır. Amigdalinin parçalanması enzimatik aktivite, ısıl işlem, mineral asitler ve yüksek askorbik asit konsantrasyonları ile gerçekleşebilir ve parçalanma sonucunda zehirli hidrojen siyanür oluşur. Amigdalin, alyuvar üretiminin kaybı ile karakterize edilen kansızlık, astım, yüksek tansiyon, damar sertliği, şeker hastalığı, migren ve özellikle de kanser tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Laboratuvar koşullarında yapılan bazı çalışmalarda tümör gelişiminin engellenmesine dair olumlu sonuçlar elde edilmiş olmasına karşın özellikle hastalığı ilerlemiş kişilerde amigdalinin tümör gelişimini önlediğine ilişkin ikna edici veriler bulunmamaktadır. Bu nedenle amigdalinin anti-kanserojen etkisinin olup olmadığı konusunun biran önce açıklığa kavuşturulması için ayrıntılı bilimsel çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu derlemede, amigdalinin kimyasal özellikleri, bulunduğu gıdalar, parçalanması, sağlık üzerine etkisi ve analiz yöntemlerine ilişkin bilgiler verilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Amigdalin, kimyasal özellikleri, parçalanması, sağlık üzerine etkileri AMYGDALIN AND ITS PROPERTIES ABSTRACTAmygdalin is the most common cyanogenic glycoside in nature, and it is found in fruit kernels, such as apricot, almond, cherry, apple, plum, pear and peach. Amygdalin is also called D(-)-mandelonitrile-β-D-gentiobioside, D(-)-amygdalin, R-amygdalin, laetrile and vitamin B 17 . Amygdalin can be degraded by enzymatic activity, heat treatment, mineral acids or high concentrations of ascorbic acid, and after its degradation, toxic hydrogen cyanide is formed. Amygdalin has been used to treat aplastic anaemia, asthma, hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes, migraine, and most important of all, cancer. Although tumour-inhibiting effects of amygdalin have been observed from some in vitro studies, there is no substantial evidence showing that amygdalin induces discrete tumour regression in cancer patients, particularly in those with late-stage disease. Therefore, further investigation is necessary to clarify whether amygdalin has an anti-carcinogenic effect as soon as possible. This paper aims to provide current knowledge about amygdalin regarding its chemical properties, presence in foods, degradation, possible health effects, and analysis methods.

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Intestinal first pass metabolism of amygdalin in the rat in vitro

Cited by 29 publications

References 16 publications

Acute health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in raw apricot kernels and products derived from raw apricot kernels

Acute health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in raw apricot kernels and products derived from raw apricot kernels

Identification of amygdalin and its major metabolites in rat urine by LC–MS/MS

Ami̇gdali̇n Ve Özelli̇kleri̇

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