Intestinal Ischemic Preconditioning Modulates Oxidative Stress in Rat’s Spinal Cord Ischemic Reperfusion Injury

Abstract

Background: Paraplegia is a major devastating and unpredictable complication of spinal cord ischemic reperfusion injury (SC-IRI). Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a procedure whereby a brief episode of non-lethal ischemia to an organ produces protection against subsequent detrimental ischemic-reperfusion insult to that organ. It has been shown that IPC may not only induce a local protective effect, but also induces resistant to ischemic-reperfusion damage in remote organs what is termed remote ischemic preconditioning (rIPC).Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential protective effect of small intestinal ischemic preconditioning on subsequently induced SC-IRI in rats.Methods: Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=10 each): control rats (C) which underwent no surgery; Sham rats (S) were subjected to laparotomy without induction of rIPC or clamping of the aorta; remote intestinal ischemic preconditioning group (rIPC) were subjected to 3 cycles of 8-min anterior mesenteric artery occlusion followed by 5-minute reperfusion; SC-IRI rats were subjected to laparotomy with clamping of the aorta just above the bifurcation by non-traumatic vascular clamp for 45 minutes, then the clamp was released for reperfusion for 24 hours; and SC-IRI+rIPC rats underwent 3 cycles of 8-minute anterior mesenteric artery occlusion followed by 5-minute reperfusion each. Twenty four hours later, animals underwent another laparotomy and spinal cord ischemia followed by reperfusion similar to group SC-IRI. Twenty four hours after surgery; neurological assessment was done. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), spinal cord homogenate levels of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), Am. J. Biomed. Sci. 2012, 4(3), 220-232; doi: 10.5099/aj120300220 © 2012 by NWPII. All rights reserved. 221 malondialdehyde (MDA) and advanced oxidative protein product (AOPP) and nitrite/nitrate (NOx) as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were assessed. Small intestinal MDA homogenate levels and CAT activities were also measured.Results: Induction of intestinal rIPC 24 hours before SC-IRI produced significant reduction of the serum TNF-α, and spinal cord homogenate levels of PGE 2 , MDA, AOPP and NOx as well as a significant reduction of SOD and a significant increase in CAT activity levels compared with the SC-IRI group.Conclusions: Remote small intestinal ischemic preconditioning ameliorated the clinical neurological dysfunction induced by ischemic reperfusion injury of spinal cord. This ameliorating effect appears to be through improvement of the oxidative stress level, lipid peroxidation and the preservation of SOD and CAT activities in the spinal cord.

The Protective Effect of Remote Renal Preconditioning Against Hippocampal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury: Role of KATP Channels

“…These findings are in accordance with the reports of a study conducted by Yuan and et al, who reported that remote ischemia preconditioning decreases cerebral infarct size, increases the cerebral antioxidative capacity after I/R injury, and decreases the peroxidative damage (Yuan et al 2012). Also, in a study conducted by Bashir et al, it was found that the induction of intestinal RIPC before spinal cord injury ameliorates neurological injuries, via keeping of antioxidative enzymes activity, induced by IR (Bashir et al 2012).…”

Protective Effect of Combined Melatonin and α-Tocopherol Administration in Spinal Cord Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rat

“…Unfortunately, those patients experience serious complications and impairments, including partial to complete sensory loss, paraplegia, and neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction (Morsy et al, 2010). This has been also shown in our labs as well as by other authors in experimental animals exposed to SCI or SCI-ischemia reperfusion (CS-IRI) (Bashir et al, 2012). Secondary injury stage post-SC damage is the major event leading to worsening the SC damage and motor function.…”

Ischemic preconditioning attenuates remote pulmonary inflammatory infiltration of diabetic rats with an intestinal and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

“…Intestinal ischemic preconditioning promotes local and distant organs protection, as verified by Gho et al 22 in the heart and by Bashir et al 23 in the spinal cord, showing reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation.…”