“…Miller, 2001;Petersen, 2000aPetersen, , 2000bPetersen, , 2003Petersen & Valdez, 2002;Peterson et al, 2001;Zatz & Portillos, 2000). Understanding and identifying issues relating to gangs, violence, and victimization is crucial for developing and implementing effective policies and programs that encompass both public health and criminal justice approaches specific to this growing population of young people (Petersen & Valdez, 2004). Likewise, further attention must be given to understanding the gender-gangs connection for the development of appropriate prevention and early intervention strategies.…”