Intra-brain vascular models within the ICRP mesh-type adult reference phantoms for applications to internal dosimetry

Abstract

Objective: Phantoms of the International Commission on Radiological Protection provide a framework for standardized dosimetry. The modeling of internal blood vessels – essential to tracking circulating blood cells exposed during external beam radiotherapy and to account for radiopharmaceutical decays while still in blood circulation – is, however, limited to the major inter-organ arteries and veins. Intra-organ blood is accounted for only through the assignment of a homogeneous mixture of parenchyma and blood [single-region (SR) organs]. Our goal was to develop explicit dual-region (DR) models of intra-organ blood vasculature of the adult male brain (AMB) and adult female brain (AFB). Approach: A total of 4000 vessels were created amongst 26 vascular trees. The AMB and AFB models were then tetrahedralized for coupling to the PHITS radiation transport code. Absorbed fractions were computed for monoenergetic alpha particles, electrons, positrons, and photons for both decay sites within the blood vessels and for tissues outside these vessels. Radionuclide S-values were computed for 22 and 10 radionuclides commonly employed in radiopharmaceutical therapy and nuclear medicine diagnostic imaging, respectively. Main Results: For radionuclide decays, values of S(brain tissue ← brain blood) assessed in the traditional manner (SR) were higher than those computed using our DR models by factors of 1.92, 1.49, and 1.57 for therapeutic alpha-emitters, beta-emitters, and auger electron-emitters, respectively in the AFB and by factors of 1.65, 1.37, and 1.42 for these same radionuclide categories in the AMB. Corresponding ratios of SR and DR values of S(brain tissue ← brain blood) were 1.34 (AFB) and 1.26 (AMB) for four SPECT radionuclides, and were 1.32 (AFB) and 1.24 (AMB) for six common PET radionuclides. Significance: The methodology employed in this study can be explored in other organs of the body for proper accounting of blood self-dose for that fraction of the radiopharmaceutical still in general circulation.

A review on lymphocyte radiosensitivity and its impact on radiotherapy

“…It was concluded that proton treatments are not necessarily advantageous in terms of dose to the blood even though they are associated with a lower integral dose because of the importance of the beam-on time. Similar vascular tree models have been developed for the brain ( 89 ) and lung ( 90 ). Such organ-specific vasculature models can be combined with a Markov chain approach to link them to whole body blood flow based on reference values for cardiac output and organ blood volumes ( 23 , 24 ).…”