Intraventricular hemorrhage in severe head injury

Abstract

A series of 30 patients suffering posttraumatic intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) after closed head injury is reviewed. Clotted blood and a mixture of blood and cerebrospinal fluid could be distinguished by computerized tomography (CT). Posttraumatic IVH was associated with diffuse brain lesions in most cases; intracerebral lesions with contusion, and subdural hematomas coexisted with posttraumatic IVH in eight and four instances, respectively. In two more cases, no CT abnormality other than IVH was noted. All patients in this series were in deep coma at the time of CT examination, and only seven survived. The early clinical findings, the site of ventricular hematoma, and the final outcome are analyzed.

Collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage in rats.

“…1 " 3 The effects of a hematoma on brain tissue have been studied experimentally using the direct infusion of blood 4 -8 and by inducing a hemorrhage after infarction. 9 …”

Delayed intraventricular hemorrhage in moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury: prevalence, associated risk factors, and prognosis

“…The median GCS score on admission was 8 (interquartile range, [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The median lowest GCS score in the first 48 h was 7 (interquartile range, 4-10).…”

“…According to literature data, the rate of occurrence of traumatic intraventricular hemorrhage (tIVH) in patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) ranges between 7.1 and 22 % [1,6,10]. The presumed possible mechanisms of tIVH are an extension of intracerebral hemorrhage into the ventricular system or rupture of subependymal veins, which can be deformed by the negative pressure at the time of injury [17].…”

Prognostic value of the Marshall computed tomography classification for traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage

“…This is also associated with higher morbidity and mortality. tIVH was considered to be an independent predictor in previous studies [8] and not only caused by the association to other predictors [9][10][11]. However, the mechanisms by which tSAH has an additional negative effect on patient outcomes are poorly understood.…”