Invasive group A streptococcal disease surveillance in Canada, 2021–2022

Abstract

Background Invasive group A streptococcal (iGAS, Streptococcus pyogenes ) disease has been a nationally notifiable disease in Canada since 2000. This report summarizes the demographics, emm types, and antimicrobial resistance of iGAS isolates collected in Canada in 2021 and 2022. Methods The Public Health Agency of Canada’s National Microbiology Laboratory collaborates with provincial and territorial public health laboratories to conduct national surveillance of invasive S. pyogenes . Emm typing was performed using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention emm sequencing protocol or extracted from whole-genome sequencing data. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines or predicted from whole-genome sequencing data based on the presence of resistance determinants. Results Overall, the incidence of iGAS disease in Canada was 5.56 cases per 100,000 population in 2021, decreasing from the peak of 8.6 cases per 100,000 population in 2018. A total of 2,630 iGAS isolates were collected during 2022, representing an increase from 2021 (n=2,179). In particular, there was a large increase in isolates collected from October to December 2022. The most predominant emm type overall in 2021 and 2022 was emm 49, at 21.5% (n=468) and 16.9% (n=444), respectively, representing a significant increase in prevalence since 2018 ( p <0.0001). The former most prevalent type, emm 1, increased from 0.5% (n=10) in 2021 to 4.8% (n=125) in 2022; similarly, emm 12 increased from 1.0% (n=22) in 2021 to 5.8% (n=151) in 2022. These two types together accounted for almost 25% of isolates collected in late 2022 (October to December). Antimicrobial resistance rates in 2021 and 2022 included: 14.9%/14.1% erythromycin resistance, 4.8%/3.0% clindamycin resistance, and <1% chloramphenicol resistance. Conclusion The increase of iGAS isolates collected in Canada is an important public health concern. Continued surveillance of iGAS is critical to monitor expanding emm types and antimicrobial resistance patterns.