Invasive Non‐typhoid Salmonellae Establish Systemic Intracellular Infection in HIV‐Infected Adults: An Emerging Disease Pathogenesis

Gordon, Michael A.; Kankwatira, Anstead; Mwafulirwa, Gershom; Walsh, Amanda L.; Hopkins, Mark; Parry, Christopher M.; Faragher, E. B.; Zijlstra, Eduard E.; Heyderman, Robert S.; Molyneux, Malcolm E.

doi:10.1086/651080

Cited by 95 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…A prospective study of the concentration of S. Typhi in blood of typhoid fever patients showed a median value of 0.3 (range of 0.1 to 399) CFU/ml, well below current PCR-based detection limits [16]. Gordon et al [2] have shown that NTS in bacteremic patients are present at a similarly low concentration (1 CFU/ml).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is exclusively host-restricted to humans, and early intracellular replication within reticuloendothelial mononuclear cells is critical for pathogenesis [1]. In contrast, non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) serovars have a broad host range and usually cause self-limiting mucosal diarrheal disease and carriage in immunocompetent humans [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of Salmonella in Blood by PCR using iroB gene

Ganesan

Harish

Menezes

et al. 2014

JCDR

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Salmonella in Blood by PCR using iroB gene

Ganesan

Harish

Menezes

et al. 2014

JCDR

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“…Gordon and colleagues 16 asserted that counts of S. typhi in blood of patients with typhoid fever mostly indicate a median concentration of one bacterium per millilitre during the first and second weeks of the illness. Thus, S. typhi is most frequently isolated during this time.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2014

IJPSR

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Salmonella typhi, causative agent of typhoid fever, a predominantly human communicable disease, is endemic in Africa and Asia. S. typhi is of clinical importance partly due to its mode of infection and partly due to the fact that human activities such as poor hygienic conditions are essential in the transmission and perpetuation of the pathogen. More so antibiotic resistant strains of S. typhi have emerged, increasing cost of treatment, morbidity and mortality. Meanwhile, S. typhi isolation and sensitivity testing to antibiotics are rarely practiced in the hospitals in and around Kumasi. This study sought to determine the extent of antibiotic susceptibility of S. typhi isolated from patients in Kumasi south, North Suntreso and Tafo hospitals in the Ashanti region of Ghana. The isolates were identified using morphological and biochemical means. The isolates were then tested for their sensitivity to some reference antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. One hundred and twenty-eight (128) S. typhi were isolated from 900 clinical samples. A total of 52.3% of the S. typhi isolates exhibited resistance to ampicillin whereas 32.8, 25.0, 17.2 and 14.9% of the isolates were resistant to co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone respectively. About 19.5% of the S. typhi isolates were multidrug resistant. The S. typhi isolates were most sensitive to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone whilst majority of the S. typhi tested were resistant to ampicillin. Ampicillin is therefore no longer suitable for the treatment of S. typhi infections in these hospitals.

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“…For culture-based and molecular diagnostics, similar challenges present with typhoidal Salmonella-low bacterial burden (1CFU/ml) in blood-may confound sensitive diagnosis of NTS [152]. PCR assays have been clinically validated for diagnosis of enterocolitis or for use on cultured isolates, but not for direct diagnosis of invasive infections [153,154].…”

Section: Available Diagnostic Approaches For Ntsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Typhoid Fever as a Challenge for Developing Countries and Elusive Diagnostic Approaches Available for the Enteric Fever

Bharmoria¹

2017

IJVR

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Salmonella typhi is the causal organism for the typhoid fever. Typhoid disease is a problem in those developing countries where lack of sanitation, poor water supplies and exposure to unhygienic and polluted environment is a part of routine life of majority of population. Salmonella typhi expresses various virulence antigens like H-antigens, O-antigens and Vi antigens which plays vital role in the infection and pathogenesis of the bacteria. Salmonella typhi causes fever, nausea, headache, body fatigue and bowel related complications in the patients. This disease had been diagnosed by culture method, Widal test for past several decades. These diagnostic techniques are being replaced by the modern assays like ELISA, Dot blot ELISA, DipStick Assays, RT-PCR and other molecular assays. The evolution in diagnostic assays had occurred as the antibiotic resistance in the Salmonella typhi had shown an increase. The Salmonella typhi had been evolved into a multidrug resistant bacteria which need to be timely diagnosed to start the appropriate and correct treatment of typhoid to prevent further complications. This article imparts a brief glimpse on Salmonella typhi, typhoid fever and diagnostic assays available at clinical laboratories. There is a need to focus on the correct and rapid diagnostic methods which should be modified and made accessible to the clinical diagnostic laboratories.

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Invasive Non‐typhoid Salmonellae Establish Systemic Intracellular Infection in HIV‐Infected Adults: An Emerging Disease Pathogenesis

Abstract: Invasive NTS have established a new and emerging pathogenesis in the context of HIV infection in Africa.

Cited by 95 publications

References 40 publications

Detection of Salmonella in Blood by PCR using iroB gene

Detection of Salmonella in Blood by PCR using iroB gene

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Typhoid Fever as a Challenge for Developing Countries and Elusive Diagnostic Approaches Available for the Enteric Fever

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