Invasive Streptococcus pyogenes: A Short Literature Review

Abstract

Objective Streptococcus pyogenes also called Group A streptococci (GAS) is an important pathogen known since past years and infects millions of people around the world every year and can cause death. Although it often causes pharyngitis and skin infections, it can also spread to the bloodstream and cause invasive GAS (iGAS) infections. In this review, studies on the epidemiology of GAS and iGAS and vaccine studies were reviewed. Methods A comprehensive search of databases was conducted up to April 1, 2023 to related studies, in English using the following terms: S. pyogenes, GAS, invasive S. pyogenes infections, iGAS, S. pyogenes vaccine. The data extraction was conducted by two investigators using the same methodology. Results There has been an increase in iGAS infections in various countries in the last year and they have been followed closely. Although the reason for the increase in iGAS cases cannot be determined exactly, it is thought that the recent removal of coronavirus disease 2019 restrictions and the increase in the number of individuals susceptible to GAS and to viral respiratory pathogens is thought to have caused this situation. Another important issue with GAS is the vaccine studies. Vaccines are based on two different targets: M protein-based and non-M protein-based. Phase-I clinical trials have been initiated for some vaccines. Conclusion The increase in recent iGAS infections will draw attention to this agent and accelerate vaccine studies.