Investigating the Effects of Attention-Oriented vs. Reaction-Oriented Visual Alerts on Driver Performance during Takeover Events in Highly Automated Driving

Abstract

Highly automated driving requires drivers to regain vehicle control if a takeover request (ToR) is issued. This transition from passive occupant to active driver is affected by human cognitive abilities and research in this area aims to improve driver performance and safety in these situations. This research investigated the impact of ToR icons on driver takeover performance and cognitive processes (situation awareness, mental workload). Three alert designs were tested: one attention-oriented, one reaction-oriented, and one non-informative alert. In Experiment 1 (N=30), the methodology and alert designs were validated and refined. In Experiment 2, (N=45) the impact of alerting strategy on takeover performance was tested. Results indicated that reaction-oriented alerts produced the best performance and were most preferred among participants. These findings contribute to the understanding of takeover performance in highly autonomous vehicles and can be used for developing alerts that best support drivers' cognitive processing and decision-making during takeovers. I am immensely grateful to my family and friends for cheering me on and keeping me sane these past two years. Grace, Hunter and Talston, thank you for keeping me laughing throughout every peak and pit. Lastly, Harry, your relentless positivity, endless patience and unwavering belief in me made all the difference. Thank you.