Investigation of gaze patterns in multi view laparoscopic surgery

Abstract

Abstract-Laparoscopic Surgery (LS) is a modern surgical technique whereby the surgery is performed through an incision with tools and camera as opposed to conventional open surgery. This promises minimal recovery times and less hemorrhaging. Multi view LS is the latest development in the field, where the system uses multiple cameras to give the surgeon more information about the surgical site, potentially making the surgery easier. In this publication, we study the gaze patterns of a high performing subject in a multi-view LS environment and compare it with that of a novice to detect the differences between the gaze behavior. This was done by conducting a user study with 20 university students with varying levels of expertise in Multi-view LS. The subjects performed an laparoscopic task in simulation with three cameras (front/top/side). The subjects were then separated as high and low performers depending on the performance times and their data was analyzed. Our results show statistically significant differences between the two behaviors. This opens up new areas from of training novices to Multi-view LS to making smart displays that guide your shows the optimum view depending on the situation.

Eye‐tracking in surgery: a systematic review

“…79 However, higher fixations and dwell time in AOI's reflect expert knowledge of salient landmarks during a procedure or a level of proficiency in which they do not have to divert their gaze to less important subjects. 33,37,40,48,49,52 The findings were relatively uniform, however there was an instance where experts produced opposite eye-data to what was expected. 26 It should be noted that analysis of raw fixation data without adjusting for time can a potential flaw in the interpretation of results.…”

“…Lower fixation counts can represent more goal‐directed gaze patterns from experts 79 . However, higher fixations and dwell time in AOI's reflect expert knowledge of salient landmarks during a procedure or a level of proficiency in which they do not have to divert their gaze to less important subjects 33,37,40,48,49,52 . The findings were relatively uniform, however there was an instance where experts produced opposite eye‐data to what was expected 26 .…”

“…47 Several articles demonstrated significance in the dwell time, dwell percentage and AOI fixation. 18,26,27,33,37,45,[48][49][50][51][52] For instance, operating experts focussed more of their gaze on the screen during a live LRY gastric bypass than novices across multiple steps in the procedure. 52 In addition, dwell time within a dynamic AOI can reflect the presence or absence of adverse events when subjects viewed various recordings of laparoscopic cholecystectomies.…”

“…Several articles demonstrated significance in the dwell time, dwell percentage and AOI fixation 18,26,27,33,37,45,48– 52 . For instance, operating experts focussed more of their gaze on the screen during a live LRY gastric bypass than novices across multiple steps in the procedure 52 .…”

Modelling and application of laparoscopic simulation system for panhysterectomy

“…LS uses 2-4 hole operation method, one of which is open in the navel of the human body, and according to different operations, we select the other 1-3 holes in different parts. Each hole is 5 mm to 12 mm in diameter (Kottayil et al, 2016). LTH generally chooses a 5 mm hole at the right lower abdomen Mclntosh points and a 10 mm hole on the left side of the corresponding parts, taking a 5 mm hole 2 cm above symphysis pubis and 3 cm on the left side, puts the cervical cup around the cervix transvaginal, and then embeds laparoscopic lens through the navel piercing holes, using bipolar, ultrasound knife, unipolar, and separation forceps, and suctioning tools for the operation of LTH.…”