Investigation the degradation and devulcanization reaction of thermoplastic vulcanizate using peroxide compound

Temram, Chokkanit; Wattanakul, Karnthidaporn

doi:10.1063/1.4757474

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Thermomechanical [7,18], chemical [29][30][31], ultrasonic-based [32], microwave-assisted [28,33], and biological devulcanization methods [34] have been studied extensively.…”

Section: Rubber Devulcanizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Devulcanization Technologies for Recycling of Tire-Derived Rubber: A Review

Markl

Lackner

2020

Materials

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In general, composite materials are difficult to recycle. Tires belong to this class of materials. On top, one of their main constitutents, vulcanized rubber, is as elastomer, which cannot be remolten and hence is particularly challenging to put to a new use. Today, the main end-of-life routes of tires and other rubber products are landfilling, incineration in e.g., cement plants, and grinding to a fine powder, generating huge quantities and indicating a lack of sustainable recycling of this valuable material. True feedstock recycling is not feasible for complex mixtures such as tires, but devulcanization can be done to reactivate the cross-linked polymer for material recycling in novel rubber products. Devulcanization, i.e., the breaking up of sulfur bonds by chemical, thermophysical, or biological means, is a promising route that has been investigated for more than 50 years. This review article presents an update on the state-of-the art in rubber devulcanization. The article addresses established devulcanization technologies and novel processes described in the scientific and patent literatures. On the one hand, tires have become high-tech products, where the simultaneous improvement of wet traction, rolling resistance, and abrasion resistance (the so-called “magic triangle”) is hard to achieve. On the other hand, recycling and sustainable end-of-life uses are becoming more and more important. It is expected that the public discussion of environmental impacts of thermoplastics will soon spill over to thermosets and elastomers. Therefore, the industry needs to develop and market solutions proactively. Every year, approximately 40 million tons of tires are discarded. Through the devulcanization of end-of-life tires (ELT), it is possible to produce new raw materials with good mechanical properties and a superior environmental footprint over virgin products. The devulcanization process has become an interesting technology that is able to support the circular economy concept.

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“…Thermomechanical [7,18], chemical [29][30][31], ultrasonic-based [32], microwave-assisted [28,33], and biological devulcanization methods [34] have been studied extensively.…”

Section: Rubber Devulcanizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a chemical method, the oxidation of sulfur bonds using nitric acid (HNO 3 ) and benzoyl-peroxide (C 14 H 10 O 4 ) was studied [30,31,39]. Figure 5 takes a look at the mechanism using that agent.…”

Section: Rubber Devulcanizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Devulcanization Technologies for Recycling of Tire-Derived Rubber: A Review

Markl

Lackner

2020

Materials

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“…(Thermo) Mechanical [9], chemical [16], [17], [18], ultrasonic-based [19], microwave-assisted [20], [15], [21] and biological devulcanization methods [22] have been studied extensively. A twin screw extruder for thermo-mechanical devulcanization is considered most practical [9], because that type of machinery is commonly used in the industry.…”

Section: Rubber Devulcanizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CO2 is chemically inactive, non-toxic, non-flammable and inexpensive. Its critical As chemical methods, oxidation of sulfur bonds using nitric acid (HNO3) and benzoyl-peroxide (C14H10O4) was studied [17], [18], [25]. Fig.…”

Section: Rubber Devulcanizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feedstock Recycling of Rubber – A Review on Devulcanization Technologies

Wintersteller¹,

Markl²,

Lackner³

2020

Preprint

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Vulcanized Rubber, as elastomer, is difficult to recycle. Today, the main end of life routes of tyres and other rubber products are landfilling, incineration in e.g. cement plants, and grinding to a fine powder, with huge quantities lacking sustainable recycling of this valuable material. Devulcanization, i.e. the breaking up of sulfur bonds by chemical, thermo-physical or biological means, is a promising route that has been investigated for more than 50 years. This review article presents and update on the state-of-the art in rubber devulcanization. This review article addresses established devulcanization technologies and novel processes described in the scientific and patent literatures. It is expected that the public discussion of environmental impacts of thermoplastics will soon spill over to thermosets and elastomers. Therefore, the industry needs to develop and market solutions proactively. Tyre recycling through devulcanization has a huge lever, since approx. 30 million tons of tyres are discarded annually.

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“…This process can be however dangerous. Chemical methods based on the oxidation of sulfur bonds using nitric acid (HNO 3) and benzoyl-peroxide (C14H10O4) were also studied and were selected as the methods most likely to solve the specific scope of our work [10]- [12]. These methods were however tested mainly on pure rubbers without fillers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Practical Approach to Cleaning Molds from Rubber Residues

Novák

Skrobak

Hausnerová

et al. 2022

2022 26th International Conference on Circuits, Systems, Communications and Computers (CSCC)

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In this paper, methods of fouling prevention and cleaning of the molds from vulcanized rubber residues are presented. The surface free energy of mold surfaces has been measured and the mold release agents were compared by measuring the force needed for the release of the form. The efficiency of sodium hydroxide solvent currently used for mold cleaning in industrial practice is compared with an acid-based solvent. The effect of the acid on the mold surface is monitored as well. The relative mass loss and the change in the surface roughness parameters Sa and Sz were evaluated during the corrosion testing in the acid at various temperatures. The mold wear during a year of use in the company, and a year of continuous acid exposure was then extrapolated for steel and stainless-steel molds. Nitric acid was significantly more effective than NaOH in dissolving rubber with full dissolution occurring after 3 h at 80 °C when stirred, losing 33 % of its initial mass, while NaOH lost only 0.3 % after 24 h. Stainless steel proved very resistant to acid corrosion at 50 °C with a calculated loss of 0.003 cm of thickness per year of submersion, while 1.7131 steel would lose 0.264 cm of thickness.

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Investigation the degradation and devulcanization reaction of thermoplastic vulcanizate using peroxide compound

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

Devulcanization Technologies for Recycling of Tire-Derived Rubber: A Review

Devulcanization Technologies for Recycling of Tire-Derived Rubber: A Review

Feedstock Recycling of Rubber – A Review on Devulcanization Technologies

A Practical Approach to Cleaning Molds from Rubber Residues

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Investigation the degradation and devulcanization reaction of thermoplastic vulcanizate using peroxide compound

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

Devulcanization Technologies for Recycling of Tire-Derived Rubber: A Review

Devulcanization Technologies for Recycling of Tire-Derived Rubber: A Review

Feedstock Recycling of Rubber &ndash; A Review on Devulcanization Technologies

A Practical Approach to Cleaning Molds from Rubber Residues

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Feedstock Recycling of Rubber – A Review on Devulcanization Technologies