“…However, these papers ignore the resource costs in technology choice, investment in human resource relative to information technology, incurred in intermediary operations. A growing body of research investigates the impact of human resource investment (e.g., Bartel, 2004;Lengnick-Hall, Lengnick-Hall, Andrade, & Drake, 2009), or information technology investment (e.g., Holden & El-Bannany, 2004;Keramati, Azadeh has on bank performance, the magnitude of these effects, and how they might differ with government capital injections under regulatory deposit insurance fund protection boils down to a question, one that we confront in this paper. 1 In retail banking, investment in human resource and information technology management are two key technology choice issues.…”