Invited Commentary: Cassel's “The Contribution of the Social Environment to Host Resistance”—A Modern Classic

James, Sherman A.

doi:10.1093/aje/kwx070

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The epidemiological triad theorist has encouraged researchers to investigate the relationship between an infectious agent and environmental risk factors. The CDC (2012) [28] and James [100] noted that various environmental risk factors, such as biological, socioeconomic, and healthcare inequality are common determinants for the incidence of an infectious disease in a population. Additionally, the age, sex (gender), and behavior of some patients often influenced their exposures to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis species in an environment [28,100,107].…”

Section: Treatments For Tuberculosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CDC (2012) [28] and James [100] noted that various environmental risk factors, such as biological, socioeconomic, and healthcare inequality are common determinants for the incidence of an infectious disease in a population. Additionally, the age, sex (gender), and behavior of some patients often influenced their exposures to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis species in an environment [28,100,107]. These risk factors are also known as the socioeconomic circumstances that have elicited the transmission of TB from person to person in a population.…”

Section: Treatments For Tuberculosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such a philosophy was first speculated in the nineteenth century and developed by Wade Hampton Frost into a full theory beginning in the twentieth century [99,29]. The epidemiological triad theory has suggested that the incidence of an infectious disease is often based on the interactions of a causative agent, host, and environmental factors in a given population [28,100,29]. The causative agent, however, maybe a microorganism or virus, which has caused an infectious disease in the hosts [28,100,29].…”

Section: The Epidemiological Triad Theory and Its Applicability In Pr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The epidemiological triad theory has suggested that the incidence of an infectious disease is often based on the interactions of a causative agent, host, and environmental factors in a given population [28,100,29]. The causative agent, however, maybe a microorganism or virus, which has caused an infectious disease in the hosts [28,100,29]. These hosts may be human beings or animals in which the causative agent has caused the infectious disease [28,100,29].…”

Section: The Epidemiological Triad Theory and Its Applicability In Pr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The causative agent, however, maybe a microorganism or virus, which has caused an infectious disease in the hosts [28,100,29]. These hosts may be human beings or animals in which the causative agent has caused the infectious disease [28,100,29]. The hostpathogen is the primary interaction in the development of an infectious disease in an environment.…”

Section: The Epidemiological Triad Theory and Its Applicability In Pr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Demographic Characteristics and Therapy on Tuberculosis Incident Cases

Iliedor

2023

J Infect Dis Epidemiol

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For more than two decades, tuberculosis (TB) has ranked second among the top killers of infectious diseases, with an estimated 10.4 million incident cases in 2018. Demographic characteristics and drug susceptibility influence TB incidence worldwide. Using a retrospective cohort design, the purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate whether race/ ethnicity, age, sex (gender), therapy completion within one year (COT), and testing for isoniazid and rifampin susceptibility (TIRS) were predictors of 672 cases of TB in New York-Newark-Jersey City from 1993 to 2017. Guided by the epidemiological triad theory, this research was conducted using a secondary TB dataset from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Analysis of the data with the Poisson regression model on SPSS revealed that Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians were respectively 2.4 (95% Cl, 2.364 to 2.512, p < 0.001), 2.1 (95% Cl, 2.031 to 2.161; p < 0.001), 1.8 (95% Cl, 1.782 to 1.899; p < 0.001) times as likely to have TB compared to Whites. Younger age was significantly associated with higher incident cases of TB. Males were 1.58 (95% Cl, 1.554 to 1.613, p < 0.001) times more likely than females to have the disease. The COT and TIRS were 0.175 (95% Cl, 0.170 to 0.180, p < 0.001) and 2.935 (95% Cl, 2.853 to 3.019, p < 0.001) times as likely to impact the TB incident cases in New York-Newark-Jersey City from 1993 to 2017. The findings of this research may create positive social change by informing public health professionals in the design of an effective TB intervention that addresses demographic and therapy-related risk factors for TB in New York-Newark-Jersey City.covariates, age, sex (gender), and issues of TB therapy completion and drug susceptibility persistently influenced the escalation of TB incidence in New York-Newark-Jersey City. According to research, non-Hispanic Asians, non-Hispanic Blacks, and Hispanics have regularly experienced more TB incident cases than their non-Hispanic White counterparts from this region in New York City [1][2][3][4][5]. Notably, both the age and sex demographics have impacted the incidence of TB in New York-Newark-Jersey City. Regardless of their gender or age groups, the non-Hispanic Asian, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic residents have persistently experienced the highest burden of TB in New York-Newark-Jersey City [6,7,4]. Therefore, race/ethnicity, age, and sex risk factors impacted the elevated incident cases of TB in this area in New York City.Previous studies partially established the relationship between the demographic characteristics of patients and the incidence of TB in New York-Newark-Jersey City. However, the results did not clearly demonstrate the impact of TB on non-Hispanic Asians, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic Whites from 1993 to 2017 in New York-Newark-Jersey City. Poverty, alcohol consumption, poor housing, and lack of access to TB care risk factors associated with the high TB incident cases among the non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic TB patients in New York-Newark-Jerse...

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Section: Treatments For Tuberculosismentioning

confidence: 99%